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. 2019 Apr 3;9:5591. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41849-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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MEA System and experimental design. In (A) a whole MEA chip is depicted. In (B) a photomicrograph illustrates GFAP-positive (red) astrocytes and β−tubulin-positive (green) neurons. The blue color marks cell nuclei. (C) shows the neural population situated around some MEA electrodes. (D) Experimental design and exemplary spike rate response to exchange from culture media (black bars) to aCSF (blue bars) to hCSF (red bars). Measurements for quantification were taken at the last five minutes (marked by arrow) of aCSF and hCSF (of patients or healthy controls).