TABLE 2.

Curve-fitting values for plasma amino acids and paracetamol after feeding¹

	Native whey protein isolate	Denatured whey protein isolate	Protein-based ingredient
Total amino acids
ka, ×10−3	1.81 ± 0.186a	1.62 ± 0.232a	3.31 ± 0.276b
k, ×10−3	27.2 ± 3.6	24.5 ± 1.61	29.9 ± 4.78
b, μM	4418 ± 221.7	4265 ± 235.7	3770 ± 180.7
R2	0.726 ± 0.061	0.655 ± 0.058	0.802 ± 0.033
Cmax, μM	7657 ± 242a	7450 ± 447a	9010 ± 340b
tCmax, min	120.4 ± 10.9	125.3 ± 6.3a	94.9 ± 8.5b
Essential amino acids
ka, ×10−3	1.87 ± 0.241a	1.93 ± 0.288a	3.58 ± 0.281b
k, ×10−3	21.4 ± 1.8	19.9 ± 1.68	25.8 ± 3.95
b, μM	1832 ± 178.9a	1544 ± 156.2	1358 ± 132.9b
R2	0.728 ± 0.069	0.704 ± 0.058	0.829 ± 0.037
Cmax, μM	3723.5 ± 150.4	3638.3 ± 287.0	4255.3 ± 255.8
tCmax, min	138.8 ± 13.6	145.1 ± 16.6a	99.8 ± 8.4b
Branched chain amino acids
ka, ×10−3	2.72 ± 0.428	1.76 ± 0.287a	3.62 ± 0.312b
k, ×10−3	35.8 ± 6.1	25.9 ± 2.49	33.8 ± 6.26
b, μM	344 ± 62.7	350 ± 36.9	286 ± 38.4
R2	0.761 ± 0.036	0.721 ± 0.042	0.824 ± 0.034
Cmax, μM	1222.9 ± 52.2	1129.7 ± 101.3a	1469.9 ± 82.7b
tCmax, min	94.0 ± 9.9	127.6 ± 16.9	91.0 ± 10.4
Paracetamol
ka, ×10−3	3.89 ± 0.182	3.90 ± 0.207	3.31 ± 0.180
k, ×10−3	49.4 ± 1.9	48.4 ± 2.56	44.2 ± 2.10
R2	0.872 ± 0.023	0.849 ± 0.054	0.863 ± 0.019
Cmax, μM	140.3 ± 5.2	143.7 ± 7.4	134.8 ± 6.3
tCmax, min	56.8 ± 2.0	58.4 ± 3.2	64.9 ± 2.7

¹Values are means ± SEMs (n = 12–13). Different superscript letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. b, fasting basal concentration; C_max, peak maximum concentration; k, rate constant for elimination; k_a, rate constant for absorption; R², coefficient of determination; t_Cmax, time at peak concentration.