Changes of salivary bacteria levels from T1 to T4. Bacterial DNA was extracted from 1 ml saliva samples at each time-point. The concentration of (A) total bacterial, S. mutans and Lactobacillus DNA, as well as the ratio of (B) S. mutans and (C) Lactobacillus were evaluated. *P<0.05. Time-points: T1, Prior to bonding; T2, 3 months after bonding; T3, 6 months after bonding; and T4, 18 months after bonding. S. mutans, Streptococcus mutans.