Table 2.
Multi-variable adjusted odds ratio and 95% CI of meal skipping behaviours according to correlates from the individual, social-environmental and physical-environmental domains
| Variable | Meal skipping (any meal) | Breakfast skipping | Lunch skipping | Dinner skipping | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P^ | OR (95% CI) | P^ | OR (95% CI) | P^ | OR (95% CI) | P^ | |
| INDIVIDUAL DOMAIN | ||||||||
| Education | ||||||||
| No University degree | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| University degree | 0.46 (0.22, 0.95) | 0.035 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Australia | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Other | – | – | 1.66 (0.96, 2.86) | 0.07 | – | – | – | – |
| Food culture/religion | ||||||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| No | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Ex, Occasionally, Regularly smoke | 1.79 (0.88, 3.65) | 0.11 | 1.10 (1.15, 3.86) | 0.016 | – | – | – | – |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Not meeting guidelines | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Meeting guidelines | 0.65 (0.35, 1.19) | 0.16 | – | – | 0.61 (0.36, 1.03) | 0.07 | – | – |
| Time as a barrier | 1.10 (0.96, 1.26) | 0.17 | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) | 0.036 | 1.11 (1.01, 1.23) | 0.033 | 1.11 (0.98, 1.27) | 0.11 |
| Self-efficacy to prepare foods | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.20 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.16 | – | – | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.86 |
| Food insecurity | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.11 (0.91, 1.36) | 0.30 |
| Nutritional knowledge | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Mood | 0.99 (0.77, 1.27) | 0.93 | 0.93 (0.75, 1.15) | 0.48 | – | – | 1.16 (0.90, 1.48) | 0.25 |
| Hunger | 1.20 (0.94, 1.54) | 0.14 | 1.09 (0.89, 1.33) | 0.41 | 1.19 (0.99, 1.41) | 0.06 | 1.00 (0.78, 1.27) | 0.30 |
| Weight control | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.13 (0.89, 1.43) | 0.30 |
| Habit | 1.05 (0.84, 1.34) | 0.66 | 1.12 (0.93, 1.00) | 0.16 | – | – | 1.10 (0.87, 1.40) | 0.42 |
| Taste | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| SOCIAL-ENVIRONMENTAL DOMAIN | ||||||||
| Relationship status | ||||||||
| In a relationship | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Single | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Preference of other people at eating occasion | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| PHYSICAL-ENVIRONMENTAL DOMAIN | ||||||||
| SEIFA | ||||||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Medium | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| High | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Housing type | ||||||||
| Living with family | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Living alone | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Living with flatmates | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| COVARIATES | ||||||||
| Age | – | – | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) | 0.06 | – | – | 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) | 0.05 |
| BMI | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 0.039 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.11) | 0.032 | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 0.10 | – | – |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Female | 0.49 (0.26, 0.93) | 0.030 | 0.68 (0.39, 1.17) | 0.17 | – | – | – | – |
Results presented are the fully adjusted multivariable model, which includes all variables found to be substantially associated with the respective meal skipping behaviour in their Model 1 and age sex and BMI
^P-values were calculated using ordinal regression; P-Values < 0.05 are bolded
Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio, BMI Body Mass Index, SEIFA Socioeconomic Index for Areas