Table 3.
Basic characteristics and circulating biomarkers of the four study groups
| Diet group | SD n = 7 |
FFC n = 14 |
FFC/SD n = 14 |
FFCDIA n = 8 |
Over all p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic characteristics | |||||
| BW (kg) | 39.00 (38.00; 41.00) | 78.00 (69.00; 81.00)a | 54.50 (51.00; 59.00)ab | 59.50 (54.25; 64.00)ab | < 0.0001^ |
| LW (g) | 485 (458; 564) | 1732 (1067; 2219)a | 703 (627; 772)b | 2077 (1478; 2439)a | < 0.0001^ |
| LW:BW | 0.013 (0.011; 0.015) | 0.021 (0.014; 0.031)a | 0.013 (0.012; 0.014)b | 0.036 (0.028; 0.043)ab | < 0.0001^ |
| BF% (%) | 27.60 (24.00; 30.70) | 64.20 (61.40; 67.60)a | 47.30 (41.20; 50.20)ab | 54.80 (52.65; 56.00)ab | < 0.0001 |
| Basic circulating biomarkers | |||||
| TC1 (mmol/L) | 1.70 (1.64; 2.18) | 11.94 (11.00; 13.18)a | 1.89 (1.56; 2.00)b | 18.91 (16.91; 27.00)ab | < 0.0001^ |
| TG1 (mmol/L) | 0.34 (0.29; 0.35) | 0.63 (0.54; 0.88)a | 0.36 (0.32; 0.45)b | 1.45 (0.57; 1.72)ab | 0.0002^ |
| GLU1 (mmol/L) | 3.48 (3.32; 3.67) | 3.72 (3.60; 3.83) | 3.73 (3.47; 3.95) | 15.1 (14.67; 15.45)ab | < 0.0001^ |
| FRA1 (µmol/L) | 247 (245; 271) | 240 (235; 254) | 246 (242; 251) | 535 (452; 566)ab | < 0.0001^ |
| KG (min−1)2 | 3.15 (2.74; 3.46) | 2.11 (1.82; 2.38)a | 3.2 (2.5; 3.6)b | 0.74 (0.62; 0.81)a,b | < 0.0001^ |
| AUCInsulin (pM * min)3 | 12,573 (11,507; 20,683) | 27,168 (17,204; 35,562) | 24,032 (20,478; 28,147) | 800 (616–1310)a,b | < 0.0001^ |
| HOMA-IR4 | 0.47 (0.35; 0.42) | 1.11 (0.84; 1.58)a | 1.59 (1.00; 1.93)a | NA | 0.005^ |
| ALB1 (g/L) | 45.10 (42.70; 46.40) | 42.20 (38.70; 46.20) | 45.60 (42.80; 47.55) | 45.45 (32.30; 46.00) | 0.6 |
| CRP1 (ng/ml) | 2320 (1840; 14,100) | 3160 (2760; 6780) | 4510 (2890; 7130) | 7820 (3260; 19,600) | 0.7^ |
| Hepatic circulating biomarkers | |||||
| ALP1 (U/L) | 62.5 (57.0; 67.0) | 209.0 (143.0; 366.0)a | 76.0 (61.5; 91.0)b | 177.5 (139.0; 542.0)a | < 0.0001^ |
| ALT1 (U/L) | 61.00 (51.60; 67.70) | 34.50 (27.20; 48.40)a | 52.25 (40.75; 60.60)b | 47.60 (34.40; 68.50) | 0.02^ |
| AST1 (U/L) | 33.90 (23.30; 96.10) | 63.60 (25.50; 98.40) | 49.65 (32.65; 59.75) | 89.10 (45.40; 103.20) | 0.2^ |
| AST:ALT1 | 0.64 (0.49; 1.19) | 1.51 (0.85; 2.03)a | 0.80 (0.70; 1.07) | 1.73 (1.23; 2.3)a | 0.02^ |
| GLDH1 (U/L) | 2.30 (1.80; 3.20) | 6.1 (3.20; 17.80)a | 4.70 (3.35; 5.65) | 15.80 (14.50; 23.40)a | 0.0003^ |
Results are presented as median and 25% and 75% quartiles. Results for BW, BF%, TC, TG, KG and AUCInsulin in diet group SD, FFC and FFC/SD have been presented previously [17]
ALB albumin, ALP alkaline phosphatase, ALT alanine transaminase, AST aspartate transaminase, AUCInsulin area under the curve of insulin, BF% total body fat percentage, BW body weight, CRP C-reactive protein, FRA fructosamine, GLDH glutamate dehydrogenase, GLU glucose, FFC high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet group, FFCDIA diabetic group, FFC/SD diet-normalization group, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, KG intravenous glucose tolerance index, LW liver weight, LW:BW liver weight:body weight, NA not applicable, SD lean control group, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides
^Transformed
aSignificantly different from SD
bSignificantly different from FFC
1n = 6 for SD, n = 13 for FFC, n = 12 for FFC/SD, n = 6 for FFCDIA, due to catheter failure
2n = 6 for SD, n = 13 for FFC, n = 9 for FFC/SD, n = 6 for FFCDIA
3n = 5 for SD, n = 13 for FFC, n = 8 for FFC/SD, n = 4 for FFCDIA
4n = 6 for SD, n = 14 for FFC, n = 10 for FFC/SD