Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the CACTI cohort
| Type 1 diabetes | Non-diabetic control | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 251) | Women (n = 320) | p-value | Men (n = 347) | Women (n = 349) | p-value | |
| Age (years) | 38.0 ± 9.0 | 36.0 ± 9.0 | 0.07 | 40.0 ± 9.0 | 38.0 ± 9.0 | 0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 0.75 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | < 0.0001 |
| Met < 7% HbA1c goal (%) | 18.7 | 22.0 | 0.67 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 24.0 ± 9.0 | 23.0 ± 9.0 | 0.18 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Duration of follow-up (years) | 6.2 ± 0.6 | 6.2 ± 0.5 | 0.23 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 6.2 ± 0.6 | 0.25 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.6 ± 3.8 | 25.8 ± 4.7 | 0.04 | 27.2 ± 4.1 | 25.1 ± 5.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90.8 ± 11.0 | 81.0 ± 12.0 | < 0.0001 | 93.0 ± 12.0 | 79.0 ± 13.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 122.0 ± 13.0 | 114.0 ± 14.0 | < 0.0001 | 118.0 ± 11.0 | 111.0 ± 13.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 80.0 ± 9.0 | 75.0 ± 8.0 | < 0.0001 | 82.0 ± 8.0 | 76.0 ± 8.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 199.0 ± 102.0 | 187.0 ± 93.0 | 0.14 | 93.0 ± 10.0 | 87.0 ± 9.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Plasma cholesterol (mg/dL) | 175.0 ± 35.0 | 176.0 ± 33.0 | 0.81 | 198.0 ± 43.0 | 185.0 ± 34.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Plasma HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.0 ± 13.0 | 60.0 ± 17.0 | < 0.0001 | 43.0 ± 11.0 | 58.0 ± 14.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Plasma triglycerides (mg/dL) | 83.0 (62.0–114.0) | 77.0 (62.0–103.0) | 0.08 | 123.0 (89.0–181.0) | 89.0 (66.0–124.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1954.0 ± 625.0 | 1633.0 ± 561.0 | < 0.0001 | 1992.0 ± 655.0 | 1655.0 ± 528.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (% kcal/day) | 44.0 (38.0–51.0) | 46.0 (40.0–52.0) | 0.04 | 47.0 (42.0–52.0) | 48.0 (42.0–54.0) | 0.04 |
| Fat intake (% kcal/day) | 36.0 (31.0–41.0) | 35.0 (30.0–39.0) | 0.08 | 34.0 (29.0–37.0) | 33.0 (28.0–36.0) | 0.06 |
| Protein intake (% kcal/day) | 18.0 (16.0–21.0) | 19.0 (17.0–21.0) | 0.004 | 18.0 (15.0–20.0) | 19.0 (16.0–21.0) | 0.0004 |
| Total dietary fiber (g) | 16.0 (12.0–22.0) | 15.0 (11.0–21.0) | 0.06 | 15.0 (11.0–21.0) | 16.0 (11.0–21.0) | 0.88 |
| Physical activity (kJ/week) | 7517 (3165–14,118) | 5020 (1938–10,862) | 0.32 | 6986 (3048–12,861) | 6232 (2859–11,255) | 0.21 |
Data are presented as means ± SD and median (IQ range)
P < 0.05 in bold; Comparison between men and women: t test for difference in means, χ2 test for difference in proportions, and Wilcoxon rank sum test for difference of continuous variables with skewed distributions