Table 2.
Odds ratios for risk of HPV persistence of active smokers and secondhand smokers according to alcohol drinking status.
| HR-HPV infection at enrollment a (n = 4,578) | 1-year HR-HPV persistence b (n = 527) | 2-year HR-HPV persistence b (n = 205) | |||||||
| Alcohol drinkers | Negative | Positive | Multivariate OR | Negative | Persistence | Multivariate OR | Negative | Persistence | Multivariate OR |
| (n = 4,059) | (n = 519) | (95% CI)e | (n = 447) | (n = 80) | (95% CI) e | (n = 177) | (n = 28) | (95% CI) e | |
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| Active tobacco smoking | |||||||||
| Nonsmoking | 3527 (88.9) | 440 (11.1) | 1 (ref.) | 386 (84.8) | 69 (15.2) | 1 (ref.) | 144 (84.7) | 26 (15.3) | 1 (ref.) |
| Smoking | 532 (87.1) | 79 (12.9) | 1.14 (0.88–1.49) 2) | 61 (84.7) | 11 (15.3) | 0.92 (0.45–1.92) | 33 (94.3) | 2 (5.7) | 0.30 (0.07–1.43) |
| p for interactionf | 0.072 3) | 0.586 | 0.257 | ||||||
| Secondhand smoking (SHS) | |||||||||
| Non-SHS | 2402 (89.4) | 285 (10.6) | 1 (ref.) | 250 (86.5) | 39 (13.5) | 1 (ref.) | 98 (88.3) | 13 (11.7) | 1 (ref.) |
| SHS c | 1657 (87.6) | 234 (12.4) | 1.25 (1.06–1.47) | 197 (82.8) | 41 (17.2) | 1.64 (1.09–2.48) | 79 (84.0) | 15 (16.0) | 2.54 (1.25–5.17) |
| p for interactionf | 0.005 | 0.012 | 0.029 | ||||||
| SHS in nonactive smokers | |||||||||
| Non-SHS | 2092 (89.7) | 240 (10.3) | 1 (ref.) | 218 (86.9) | 33 (13.1) | 1 (ref.) | 82 (87.2) | 12 (12.8) | 1 (ref.) |
| SHS d | 1435 (87.8) | 200 (12.2) | 1.25 (1.05–1.48) | 168 (82.4) | 36 (17.6) | 1.75 (1.14–2.68) | 62 (81.6) | 14 (18.4) | 2.96 (1.42–6.15) |
| p for interactionf | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.006 | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| HR-HPV infection at enrollment a (n =4,652 ) | 1-year HR-HPV persistence b (n =639) | 2-year HR-HPV persistence b (n =252) | |||||||
| Alcohol nondrinkers | Negative | Positive | Multivariate OR | Negative | Persistence | Multivariate OR | Negative | Persistence | Multivariate OR |
| (n = 4,242) | (n = 410) | (95% CI) | (n = 580) | (n = 59) | (95% CI) | (n = 231) | (n = 21) | (95% CI) | |
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| Active tobacco smoking | |||||||||
| Nonsmoking | 4076 (91.3) | 387 (8.7) | 1 (ref.) | 555 (91.0) | 55 (9.0) | 1 (ref.) | 222 (91.7) | 20 (8.3) | 1 (ref.) |
| Smoking | 166 (87.8) | 23 (12.2) | 1.26 (0.81–1.96) | 25 (86.2) | 4 (13.8) | 1.20 (0.39–3.65) | 9 (90.0) | 1 (10.0) | 0.89 (0.11–7.48) |
| Secondhand smoking (SHS) | |||||||||
| Non-SHS | 2806 (91.0) | 279 (9.0) | 1 (ref.) | 379 (89.4) | 45 (10.6) | 1 (ref.) | 137 (89.5) | 16 (10.5) | 1 (ref.) |
| SHS c | 1436 (91.6) | 131 (8.4) | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | 201 (93.5) | 14 (6.5) | 0.40 (0.21–0.77) | 94 (95.0) | 5 (5.0) | 0.52 (0.20–1.39) |
| SHS in nonactive smokers | |||||||||
| Non-SHS | 2701 (91.1) | 265 (8.9) | 1 (ref.) | 361 (89.6) | 42 (10.4) | 1 (ref.) | 134 (89.9) | 15 (10.1) | 1 (ref.) |
| SHS d | 1375 (91.8) | 122 (8.2) | 0.78 (0.64–0.95) | 194 (93.7) | 13 (6.3) | 0.43 (0.23–0.77) | 88 (94.6) | 5 (5.4) | 0.49 (0.19–1.29) |
a Enrollment HR-HPV infection indicates the HR-HPV infection at the time of enrollment. “Negative” or “Positive” indicates the result of detection for 13 DNA types of high risk-human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68) using Hybrid Capture II.
b One-year and 2-year HR-HPV persistence were defined as HPV positivity in the 1-year follow-up study year and as HPV positivity in both the 1- and 2-year follow-up study years, respectively, after enrollment with HR-HPV positivity. One- and 2-year HPV negatives were defined as HPV negativity in the 1-year follow-up study year and as HPV negativity in both the 1- and 2-year follow-up study years, respectively, after enrollment with HPV negativity.
c Non-SHS indicates persons who are not exposed to secondhand smoking at home or in the workplace, regardless of active smoking status.
d Secondhand smoking (SHS) in nonsmokers was defined as having never smoked in life but having been exposed to SHS.
e All variables were adjusted for age, BMI, marital status, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status, education level, and number of children.
f The p value represents the multiplicative interaction of two factors.