Table 2:
All-Cause Mortality AOR (95% CI) |
Fatal Opioid Overdose* AOR (95% CI) |
Non-Fatal Opioid Overdose† AOR (95% CI) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age 18-49 | Age 50+ | Age 18-49 | Age 50+ | Age 18-49 | Age 50+ | |
Number of PIP‡ | ||||||
No PIP | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
One PIP | 4.61 (4.34-4.90) |
2.11 (2.07-2.15) |
4.80 (4.29-5.37) |
5.93 (4.79-6.76) |
1.81 (1.72-1.92) |
2.25 (2.12-2.39) |
Two PIP | 8.87 (8.27-9.51) |
4.13 (4.02-4.24) |
8.10 (7.09-9.27) |
10.68 (8.86-12.88) |
2.39 (2.22-2.58) |
4.06 (3.78-4.36) |
Three or More PIP | 14.95 (13.89-16.09) |
7.69 (7.42-7.97) |
13.80 (12.04-15.80) |
18.61 (15.35-22.57) |
3.10 (2.84-3.38) |
5.36 (4.93-5.83) |
Specific PIP Subtypes§ | ||||||
High Dose (>100 MME 3+ months) | 3.59 (3.34-3.87) |
2.70 (2.63-2.78) |
1.96 (1.70-2.25) |
2.53 (2.12-3.03) |
1.58 (1.45-1.72) |
2.77 (2.58-2.97) |
Co-prescription with Benzodiazepine (overlap 3+ months) | 2.84 (2.66-3.03) |
1.47 (1.44-1.50) |
4.54 (4.03-5.10) |
4.52 (3.83-5.34) |
1.51 (1.42-1.60) |
1.97 (1.86-2.10) |
Multiple (4+) prescribers | 2.05 (1.91-2.20) |
1.68 (1.64-1.73) |
1.46 (1.28-1.68) |
1.29 (1.07-1.57) |
1.37 (1.28-1.47) |
1.23 (1.14-1.33) |
Multiple (4+) pharmacies | 0.87 (0.79-0.96) |
1.39 (1.32-1.47) |
1.60 (1.36-1.88) |
1.59 (1.25-2.02) |
1.47 (1.34-1.62) |
1.30 (1.16-1.44) |
No documented pain diagnosis | 3.79 (3.50-4.10) |
2.78 (2.71-2.84) |
2.72 (2.30-3.22) |
2.64 (2.15-3.24) |
1.50 (1.32-1.71) |
1.15 (1.02-1.30) |
AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; MME: Milligram morphine equivalents.
Every fatal overdose, by definition, is also an all-cause mortality.
For non-fatal overdose, patients are only considered to have been exposed to PIP if the exposure occurred before the outcome.
None, one, two, or three or more out of the five types of PIP mentioned above. Controlling for sex, ZIP code level poverty, depression, and alcohol use disorder.
Controlling for sex, ZIP code level poverty, depression, alcohol use disorder, and the other four PIP variables.