Table 3.

Etiological Factors for NCPH

Etiological Factor	Agents/Causes	Mechanisms
Systemic and intra‐abdominal infections	Bacteria, protozoa, schistomsomiasis	Infections lead to portal pyemia leading to thrombosis, sclerosis, and obstruction
Toxins and medications	Arsenic, vinyl chloride, vitamin A, copper sulphate, methotrexate, 6‐mercaptopurine, azathioprine, didanosine, irradiation	Fibrogenic process
Immunological	SLE, scleroderma, celiac disease, hypo‐gammaglobulinemia, HLA DR3	Immunological factors causing perivenular inflammation, cell recruitment, and fibrosis
Prothrombotic state	Myeloproliferative disorders, MTHFR deficiency, protein C and S deficiency, ACLA, prothrombin gene mutation	Thrombogenic process

Abbreviations: ACLA, anticardiolipin antibody; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; MTHFR, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase.