Table 1:
Baseline and Posttest Case Comparisons between Treatment Conditions
| Variable | Case A (16) Ketogenic Diet | Case B (15) Patient Choice Diet | Comparisons/ Observations | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race/Gender | African American/Female | African American/Female | Similar | ||
| Age (years) | 65 | 63 | Similar | ||
| Education (years) | 11 | 12 | Similar | ||
| Income | $10,001 – $20,000 USD | $0 – $10,000 USD | Similar | ||
| Lifestyle | Non-smoker/Monthly Alcohol Use | Non-smoker/Monthly Alcohol Use | Similar | ||
| Food Insecurity | 1 | 2 | Case A exhibited food insecurity without hunger. Case B revealed food insecurity with hunger at baseline. | ||
| CES-Depression | 43 | 3 | Case A exhibited evidence of depression at baseline, Case B did not. | ||
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | 174 mg/dL | 128 mg/dL | Case A was glucose intolerant at baseline; Case B was not. | ||
| TICS-M | 23 | 25 | Similar | ||
| Cognitive Variable | Baseline Raw (adj.) | Week 12 Raw (adj.) | Baseline Raw (adj.) | Week 12 Raw (adj.) | Comparisons/Observations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HVLT-R-Verbal Recall | 19 (33) | 25 (46) | 22 (40) | 24 (44) | Differential improvement favored Case A by 13 t-score pts. |
| HVLT-R-Delay Verbal Recall | 5 (27) | 9 (47) | 8 (42) | 7 (37) | Differential improvement favored Case A by 20 t-score pts. |
| HVLT-R-Verbal Recognition Discrimination Index | 11 (52) | 12 (59) | 10 (45) | 9 (38) | Differential improvement favored Case A by 7 t-score pts. |
| Trails A - Psychomotor Speed (sec.) | 33.5 (56) | 40.0 (59) | 46.2 (44) | 57.1 (40) | Differential improvement favored Case A by 17 t-score pts. |
| Trails B - Executive Functioning (sec.) | 118.1 (54) | 57.5 (71) | 128.0 (45) | 132.3 (45) | Differential improvement favored Case A by 17 t-score pts. |
| Stroop Color - Speed of Processing (no. correct) | 77 (55) | 92 (67) | 59 (39) | 67 (46) | Differential improvement favored Case A by 12 t-score pts. |
| Stroop Incongruent - Executive Functioning (t-score) | 39 (39) | 38 (38) | 32 (32) | 33 (33) | Similar |
| DSST-Copy - Psychomotor Speed (sec.) | 98.0 (na) | 97.3 (na) | 142.9 (na) | 127.1 (na) | Case B improved by 15.8 seconds. |
| DSST-Substitution - Executive Functioning (total correct) | 59 (60) | 63 (64) | 42 (40) | 44 (43) | Differential improvement favored by case A by 4 t-score points |
| Total Differential T-score | + 76 | −2 | Differential improvement favored Case A by a total of 39 t-score points |
Notes: Adj: Adjust for age/education/race when applicable into a t-score; CES-D: Centers for Epidemiological Studies - Depression; DSST: Digit Symbol Substitution Test; HVLT-R: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test - Revised; NA: Not Applicable; NO: Number; SEC: Seconds; TICS-M: Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Modified.