Table 2.
Outcomes for the SOUL-D cohort
| Outcome | Total (n)a | Depressive symptoms (n = 232) | No depressive symptoms (n = 1419) | p valueb | Diabetes distress (n = 111) | No diabetes distress (n = 1540) | p valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological | |||||||
| Depressive symptoms: PHQ-9 ≥10 at 2 years, n (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 162 | 82 (54.30) | 80 (7.82) | <0.001 | 34 (45.95) | 128 (11.63) | <0.001 |
| No | 1012 | 69 (45.70) | 943 (92.18) | 40 (54.05) | 972 (88.37) | ||
| Diabetes distress: PAID ≥40 at 2 years, n (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 28 | 17 (11.64) | 11 (1.09) | <0.001 | 12 (17.14) | 16 (1.47) | <0.001 |
| No | 1128 | 129 (88.36) | 999 (98.91) | 58 (82.86) | 1070 (98.53) | ||
| Glycaemic control | |||||||
| 1 year HbA1c (%), mean ± SD | 1421 | 6.98 (1.30) | 6.89 (1.27) | 0.38 | 6.79 (1.34) | 6.91 (1.27) | 0.69 |
| 1 year HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean ± SD | 1421 | 52.80 (9.83) | 51.80 (9.55) | 0.38 | 51.0 (10.3) | 51 (9.56) | 0.69 |
| 2 year HbA1c (%), mean ± SD | 1234 | 7.13 (1.32) | 6.89 (1.28) | 0.035 | 7.14 (1.43) | 6.91 (1.28) | 0.16 |
| 2 year HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean ± SD | 1234 | 54.40 (10.07) | 51.80 (9.62) | 0.035 | 54.50 (10.87) | 52.00 (9.63) | 0.16 |
| Complications | |||||||
| Incident MI or CABG by 2 years, n (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 24 | 7 (4.12) | 17 (1.58) | 0.031 | 2 (2.50) | 22 (1.89) | 0.40 |
| No | 1221 | 163 (95.88) | 1058 (98.42) | 78 (97.50) | 1143 (98.91) | ||
| Incident stroke by 2 years, n (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 12 | 3 (1.78) | 9 (0.84) | 0.26 | 0 (0.00) | 12 (1.03) | 1.0 |
| No | 1230 | 166 (98.22) | 1064 (99.16) | 80 (100.00) | 1150 (98.97) | ||
| Any incident carotid/limb revascularisation or amputation by 2 years, n (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 13 | 2 (1.18) | 11 (1.02) | 0.86 | 1 (1.25) | 12 (1.03) | 0.79 |
| No | 1231 | 168 (98.82) | 1063 (98.98) | 79 (98.75) | 1152 (98.97) | ||
| Any incident macrovascular complication by 2 years, n (%) | |||||||
| At least one | 40 | 10 (5.88) | 30 (2.79) | 0.037 | 3 (3.75) | 37 (3.17) | 0.50 |
| None | 1207 | 160 (94.12) | 1047 (97.21) | 77 (96.25) | 1130 (96.83) | ||
| Retinopathy present by 2 years, n (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 162 | 27 (16.67) | 135 (13.26) | 0.24 | 15 (17.65) | 147 (13.42) | 0.39 |
| No | 1018 | 135 (83.33) | 883 (86.74) | 70 (82.35) | 948 (86.58) | ||
| Neuropathy present by 2 years, n (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 113 | 13 (9.70) | 100 (10.49) | 0.78 | 3 (4.23) | 110 (10.83) | 0.13 |
| No | 974 | 121 (90.30) | 853 (89.51) | 68 (95.77) | 906 (89.17) | ||
| Nephropathy present by 2 years (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 156 | 22 (16.06) | 134 (15.40) | 0.90 | 12 (17.65) | 144 (15.33) | 0.48 |
| No | 851 | 115 (83.94) | 736 (84.60) | 56 (82.35) | 795 (84.67) | ||
| Any microvascular complication by 2 years, n (%) | |||||||
| At least one | 388 | 55 (30.73) | 333 (28.83) | 0.60 | 29 (31.52) | 359 (28.90) | 0.54 |
| None | 946 | 124 (69.27) | 822 (71.17) | 63 (68.48) | 883 (71.10) | ||
| Diabetes treatment | |||||||
| Prescribed insulin at 2 years (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 54 | 14 (7.65) | 40 (3.43) | 0.008 | 7 (7.78) | 47 (3.73) | 0.065 |
| No | 1296 | 169 (92.35) | 1127 (96.57) | 83 (92.22) | 1213 (96.27) | ||
| Prescribed diabetes medication at 2 years, n (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 894 | 137 (74.86) | 757 (64.87) | 0.008 | 73 (80.22) | 821 (65.21) | 0.004 |
| No | 456 | 46 (25.14) | 410 (35.13) | 18 (19.78) | 438 (34.79) | ||
The cohort was stratified by: (1) presence/absence of depressive symptoms at baseline as measured by the PHQ-9 and (2) presence/absence of diabetes distress status at baseline as measured by the PAID scale
aThere are missing data for some variables resulting in different percentages; the total number of individuals for each variable is therefore given
bParametric continuous data were compared using Student’s t test; non-parametric continuous data were compared using Mann–Whitney U test; categorical variables were compared using χ2 tests