Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of the study sample of type 2 diabetic individuals and healthy individuals from the Lifelines cohort (n = 198)
| Type 2 diabetic individuals (n = 100) | Control individuals (n = 98)a | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (M) (n, %) | 52 (52) | 44 (44.9) | 0.44 |
| Age (years) | 62 (53–69) | 50 (46–63) | 3 × 10−8 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.8 ± 4.7 | 25.3 ± 3.6 | < 2.2 × 10−16 |
| Waist (cm) | 105.3 ± 12.4 | 89.2 ± 11.0 | < 2.2 × 10−16 |
| Waist–hip ratio | 0.98 ± 0.08 | 0.9 ± 0.08 | 1.1 × 10−10 |
| Fasting statusb | 98 (98) | 97 (99) | 0.57 |
| Biochemical measurements | |||
| HbA1c (%) | 6.6 (6.4–8.5) | 5.6 (5.3–5.7) | < 2.2 × 10−16 |
| HbA1c (mmol/l) | 49 (45.8–55.3) | 37.5 (35.3–39) | < 2.2 × 10−16 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l)c | 7.4 (6.4–8.5) | 4.9 (4.6–5.3) | < 2.2 × 10−16 |
| Triacylglycerol (mmol/l) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 1.0 (0.7–1.2) | 2.2 × 10−8 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.2 ± 0.32 | 1.54 ± 0.4 | 1.6 × 10−8 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3 × 10−7 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 1.1 × 10−7 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135 ± 18 | 122 ± 11 | 4.2 × 10−9 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76 ± 9 | 73 ± 7 | 6.7 × 10−3 |
| Education level (n, %)c | |||
| Low Intermediate High |
55 (59) 22 (24) 16 (17) |
34 (37) 28 (30) 30 (33) |
0.2 |
| Insulin use (n, %) | 10 (10) | 0 (0) | – |
| Oral blood glucose lowering drugs (n, %) | 51 (51) | 0 (0) | – |
| Lipid lowering drugs (n, %) | 60 (60) | 1 (1) | – |
Normal distribution assessment based on histograms and probability–probability plots
Data are shown as mean ± SD for normally distributed variables, as median and 25th and 75th quintile for not normally distributed variables and as number of individuals (%) for categorical variables
p values are obtained from Student’s t test for normally distributed variables or from Mann–Whitney U test for not normally distributed variables and χ 2 square for categorical variables. Significant p values < 0.05
aTwo controls were excluded because of a sex mismatch (between actual data and methylation data)
bFasting status data apply to all biochemical blood measurements presented in the table
cFasting glucose value missing for one individual; education level missing for seven individuals