Table 1. Participant characteristics (all women).
| HIV negative | Diagnosed during latest pregnancy | Pre-pregnancy HIV diagnosis | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 461 (40.1) No. (%) |
326 (28.3) No. (%) |
364 (31.6) No. (%) |
1151 (100.0) No. (%) |
|
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18–25 | 182 (39.5) | 96 (29.4) | 53 (14.6) | 331 (28.8) |
| 26–30 | 147 (31.9) | 105 (32.2) | 90 (24.7) | 342 (29.7) |
| 31–35 | 92 (20.0) | 81 (24.8) | 122 (33.5) | 295 (25.6) |
| >35 | 40 (8.7) | 44 (13.5) | 99 (27.2) | 183 (15.9) |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| Tertiary level | 61 (13.2) | 50 (15.3) | 38 (10.4) | 149 (12.9) |
| Matric | 146 (31.7) | 86 (26.4) | 73 (20.1) | 305 (26.5) |
| High school | 234 (50.8) | 180 (55.2) | 229 (62.9) | 643 (55.9) |
| Primary school or less | 20 (4.3) | 10 (3.1) | 23 (6.3) | 53 (4.6) |
| Missing | - | - | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 124 (26.9) | 51 (15.6) | 74 (20.3) | 249 (21.6) |
| In a relationship (living together) | 178 (38.6) | 155 (47.5) | 179 (49.2) | 512 (44.5) |
| In a relationship (not living together) | 139 (30.2) | 103 (31.6) | 95 (26.1) | 337 (29.3) |
| Not in a relationship | 19 (4.1) | 16 (4.9) | 15 (4.1) | 50 (4.3) |
| Missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.3) |
| Accommodation | ||||
| Own home | 173 (37.5) | 102 (31.3) | 144 (39.6) | 419 (36.4) |
| Family’s home | 153 (33.2) | 118 (36.2) | 113 (31.0) | 384 (33.4) |
| Friends or house-share | 134 (29.1) | 105 (32.2) | 107 (29.4) | 346 (30.1) |
| Missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | - | 2 (0.2) |
| Participant lives with | ||||
| With partner/spouse | 293 (63.6) | 202 (62.0) | 249 (68.4) | 744 (64.6) |
| Parents/relatives | 147 (31.9) | 101 (31.0) | 78 (21.4) | 326 (28.3) |
| Alone/with children | 19 (4.1) | 19 (5.8) | 32 (8.8) | 70 (6.1) |
| Missing | 2 (0.4) | 4 (1.2) | 5 (1.4) | 11 (1.0) |
| Location of primary house (when living in secondary house) | ||||
| current house | 168 (36.4) | 135 (41.4) | 153 (42) | 456 (39.6) |
| same province | 26 (5.6) | 24 (7.4) | 26 (7.1) | 76 (6.6) |
| Another province/rural-area | 120 (26.0) | 95 (29.1) | 112 (30.8) | 327 (28.4) |
| Another country | 147 (31.9) | 71 (21.8) | 72 (19.8) | 290 (25.2) |
| Missing | - | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) |
| Accommodation type | ||||
| House/Flat/Brick structure | 139 (30.2) | 106 (32.5) | 122 (33.5) | 367 (31.9) |
| House/room/flat in backyard | 220 (47.7) | 160 (49.1) | 172 (47.3) | 552 (48.0) |
| Informal dwelling/shack | 101 (21.9) | 60 (18.4) | 70 (19.2) | 231 (20.1) |
| Missing | 1 (0.2) | - | - | 1 (0.1) |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed-work all day | 113 (24.5) | 95 (29.1) | 97 (26.6) | 305 (26.5) |
| Employed-shift work | 41 (8.9) | 36 (11.0) | 40 (11.0) | 117 (10.2) |
| Unemployed (not job hunting) | 127 (27.5) | 48 (14.7) | 50 (13.7) | 225 (19.5) |
| Unemployed (job hunting) | 180 (39.0) | 147 (45.1) | 177 (48.6) | 504 (43.8) |
| Primary source of income/ finances | ||||
| Paid job, salary or business | 108 (23.4) | 107 (32.8) | 101 (27.7) | 316 (27.5) |
| Government grant | 5 (1.1) | 20 (6.1) | 35 (9.6) | 60 (5.2) |
| Spouse/ partner | 280 (60.7) | 161 (49.4) | 206 (56.6) | 647 (56.2) |
| Parents/ relatives | 66 (14.3) | 36 (11.0) | 21 (5.8) | 123 (10.7) |
| Missing | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 5 (0.4) |
| Sex of new-born baby | ||||
| Male | 225 (48.8) | 169 (51.8) | 181 (49.7) | 575 (50.0) |
| Female | 236 (51.2) | 157 (48.2) | 183 (50.3) | 576 (50.0) |
| Number of other children of any age | ||||
| 0 children | 138 (29.9) | 60 (18.4) | 30 (8.2) | 228 (19.8) |
| =>1 children | 306 (66.4) | 259 (79.4) | 329 (90.4) | 894 (77.7) |
| Missing | 17 (3.7) | 7 (2.1) | 5 (1.4) | 29 (2.5) |
| Latest pregnancy planned? | ||||
| No | 209 (45.3) | 182 (55.8) | 195 (53.6) | 586 (50.9) |
| Yes | 252 (54.7) | 144 (44.2) | 169 (46.4) | 565 (49.1) |
| Baby father’s involvement in the pregnancy? | ||||
| Involved | 439 (95.2) | 305 (93.6) | 341 (93.7) | 1,085.0 (94.3) |
| Not involved | 22 (4.8) | 21 (6.4) | 23 (6.3) | 66 (5.7) |
| Perceived greatest supporter during the latest pregnancy | ||||
| Partner | 247 (53.6) | 189 (58.0) | 190 (52.2) | 626 (54.4) |
| Baby father(if not partner) | 99 (21.5) | 71 (21.8) | 98 (26.9) | 268 (23.3) |
| Family/friends/Other | 112 (24.3) | 65 (19.9) | 74 (20.3) | 251 (21.8) |
| Missing | 3 (0.7) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.5) | 6 (0.5) |
| Expected main childcare supporter | ||||
| Partner | 187 (40.6) | 142 (43.6) | 146 (40.1) | 475 (41.3) |
| Baby father(if not partner) | 88 (19.1) | 65 (19.9) | 97 (26.6) | 250 (21.7) |
| Family/friends/Other | 184 (39.9) | 119 (36.5) | 121 (33.2) | 424 (36.8) |
| Missing | 2 (0.4) | - | - | 2 (0.2) |
| ANC attendance | ||||
| No | 5 (1.1) | 4 (1.2) | 6 (1.6) | 15 (1.3) |
| Yes | 454 (98.5) | 322 (98.8) | 358 (98.4) | 1,134.0 (98.5) |
| Missing | 2 (0.4) | - | - | 2 (0.2) |
| HIV knowledge | ||||
| Low | - | 96 (29.4) | 115 (31.6) | 211 (30.6) |
| Medium to high | - | 227 (69.6) | 247 (67.9) | 474 (68.7) |
| Missing | - | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.6) | 5 (0.7) |
| Perceived social support (PSS) | ||||
| High PSS | 298 (64.6) | 172 (52.8) | 204 (56.0) | 674 (58.6) |
| Medium PSS | 163 (35.4) | 154 (47.2) | 160 (44.0) | 477 (41.4) |
| Post-partum depression (PPD) | ||||
| No depression | 332 (72.0) | 257 (78.8) | 274 (75.3) | 863 (75.0) |
| Low to medium depression | 79 (17.1) | 43 (13.2) | 46 (12.6) | 168 (14.6) |
| Major depressive symptoms | 50 (10.9) | 26 (8.0) | 44 (12.1) | 120 (10.4) |
ANC: Antenatal care; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; ART: antiretroviral treatment