Fig. 1.

A CVB1 vaccine protects NOD mice against viraemia and systemic viral spread following infection with CVB1. (a) Schematic illustrating the experimental timeline; NOD mice and SOCS1-tg mice were vaccinated or given buffer alone, followed by infection with CVB1. For NOD mice, the experiments were terminated on day 3 p.i. Mock vaccinations and CVB1 vaccinations are represented by the empty syringe; CVB1 challenge is shown with the black syringe. (b) Percentage of infected vaccinated (n = 8) or buffer-treated (n = 6) mice determined by the presence of CVB1 RNA in the blood of NOD mice on day 3 p.i. as detected by RT-PCR. ***p < 0.001, χ ² test. (c) Cytopathic virus in the blood and (d) in the pancreas on day 3 p.i. in NOD mice treated with buffer (n = 6) or CVB1 vaccine (n = 8) as measured by standard plaque assay. Mean values ± SD; **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001, Mann–Whitney U test. (e) Representative images of VP1 positivity (brown staining) in pancreas sections of buffer-treated and (f) CVB1-vaccinated NOD mice on day 3 p.i. (×16 magnification; scale bar, 50 μm) and (g) percentage of mice with VP1 positivity in the pancreas. ***p < 0.001, χ ² test