Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population at 30 years of age
| Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Type 1 diabetes group | Control group | p a | Type 1 diabetes group | Control group | p a |
| Cohort born in 1962–1979, n | 1962 | 8474 | 2217 | 8509 | ||
| Duration of diabetes, years, mean (min–max) | 19.9 (15–29) | 19.6 (15–30) | ||||
| Demographic and socioeconomic background variables | ||||||
| Mother’s educational level, n (%) | ||||||
| Low | 581 (29.6) | 2510 (29.6) | 0.995 | 684 (30.9) | 2583 (30.4) | 0.651 |
| Medium | 871 (44.4) | 3681 (42.9) | 0.044 | 984 (44.4) | 3681 (43.3) | 0.342 |
| High | 441 (22.5) | 1785 (21.1) | 0.169 | 469 (21.2) | 1766 (20.7) | 0.679 |
| Missing data | 69 (3.52) | 628 (7.41) | <0.001 | 80 (3.61) | 479 (5.63) | <0.001 |
| Father’s educational level, n (%) | ||||||
| Low | 685 (34.9) | 2767 (32.7) | 0.055 | 751 (33.9) | 2865 (33.7) | 0.856 |
| Medium | 746 (38.2) | 3210 (37.9) | 0.907 | 901 (40.6) | 3214 (37.8) | 0.014 |
| High | 390 (19.9) | 1567 (18.5) | 0.157 | 424 (19.1) | 1609 (18.9) | 0.818 |
| Missing data | 141 (7.19) | 930 (10.97) | <0.001 | 141 (6.36) | 821 (9.65) | <0.001 |
| Mother’s earnings, EUR, mean (SD)b | 17,542 (11,623) | 17,725 (12,356) | 0.558 | 17,601 (12,107) | 17,484 (12,233) | 0.694 |
| Father’s earnings, EUR, mean (SD)c | 24,869 (22,553) | 23,989 (19,482) | 0.090 | 23,227 (17,954) | 23,698 (18,831) | 0.306 |
| Parent(s) born in a non-Nordic country, n (%)d | 20 (1.04) | 344 (4.24) | <0.001 | 32 (1.47) | 360 (4.36) | <0.001 |
| Outcome variables | ||||||
| Employed (in November), n (%)d | 1457 (75.8) | 6519 (80.4) | <0.001 | 1818 (83.8) | 7054 (85.4) | 0.056 |
| Earnings if employed (EUR), mean (SD) | 22,466 (13,333) | 23,175 (13,334) | 0.066 | 32,202 (13,282) | 34,129 (24,301) | 0.001 |
| Mediator variables | ||||||
| Years of schooling, mean (SD)e | 12.6 (2.08) | 12.8 (2.12) | <0.001 | 12.2 (1.98) | 12.3 (2.07) | 0.001 |
| Expected earnings in occupational field (EUR), mean (SD)f | 3278 (782) | 3351 (806) | <0.001 | 3529 (852) | 3595 (891) | 0.003 |
| Having children, n (%)d | 1052 (54.5) | 4674 (57.6) | 0.013 | 805 (37.1) | 3297 (39.9) | 0.016 |
| Sickness benefits during the year, n (%)b | 598 (31.0) | 1575 (19.4) | <0.001 | 280 (12.9) | 603 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| If sickness benefits, number of episodes, median (min–max)g | 1 (1–6) | 1 (1–9) | 0.056 | 1 (1–9) | 1 (1–9) | 0.155 |
| If sickness benefits, number of days, median (min–max)g | 63 (1–366) | 37 (1–366) | <0.001 | 49 (1–366) | 32 (1–366) | 0.030 |
| Inpatient care during the year, n (%) | 475 (24.2) | 1481 (17.5) | <0.001 | 262 (11.8) | 283 (3.33) | <0.001 |
| If inpatient care, number of episodes, median (min–max) | 1 (1–13) | 1 (1–16) | <0.001 | 1 (1–17) | 1 (1–15) | 0.003 |
| If inpatient care, number of days, median (min–max) | 5 (1–252) | 3 (0.5–76) | <0.001 | 2 (0.5–200) | 2 (0.5–365) | 0.276 |
| Cohort born in 1974–1979, n | 1021 | 4516 | 1164 | 4371 | ||
| One or more outpatient care visits, n (%) | 923 (90.4) | 1650 (36.5) | <0.001 | 958 (82.3) | 918 (21.0) | <0.001 |
| Two or more outpatient care visits, n (%) | 668 (65.4) | 890 (19.7) | <0.001 | 509 (43.7) | 404 (9.24) | <0.001 |
| If outpatient care, number of visits, median (min–max) | 3 (1–176) | 2 (1–21) | <0.001 | 2 (1–216) | 1 (1–15) | <0.001 |
a t tests for means, Pearson χ2 for medians and test of proportions
bData missing: 139 individuals with type 1 diabetes and 1027 individuals in the control group
cData missing: 270 individuals with type 1 diabetes and 1606 individuals in the control group
dData missing: 80 individuals with with type 1 diabetes and 616 individuals in the control group
eData missing: 102 individuals with type 1 diabetes and 681 individuals in the control group
fData missing: 386 individuals with type 1 diabetes and 1388 individuals in the control group
gData missing: one individual with with type 1 diabetes and four individuals in the control group
Low education, compulsory schooling; medium education, upper secondary school education; high education, university education