Table 2.
Differences in estimated glycaemic deterioration rates in individuals with type 2 diabetes
| Variable | n | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted coefficient (95% CI)a |
p value | Adjusted coefficient (95% CI)b |
p value | ||
| Age, years | |||||
| <50 | 823 | 1.80 (1.63, 1.97) | <0.0001 | 1.67 (1.49, 1.85) | <0.0001 |
| 50–<60 | 1430 | 0.96 (0.81, 1.11) | <0.0001 | 0.89 (0.74, 1.04) | <0.0001 |
| 60–<70 | 1820 | 0.42 (0.28, 0.57) | <0.0001 | 0.38 (0.24, 0.52) | <0.0001 |
| ≥70 | 1269 | REF | REF | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 3013 | 0.14 (0.03, 0.25) | 0.0107 | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.17) | 0.2370 |
| Female | 2329 | REF | REF | ||
| Year diagnosed | |||||
| <2001 | 1567 | 1.50 (1.33, 1.67) | <0.0001 | 1.55 (1.39, 1.72) | <0.0001 |
| 2001–<2003 | 1318 | 0.36 (0.26, 0.45) | <0.0001 | 0.38 (0.28, 0.48) | <0.0001 |
| 2003–<2006 | 1263 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.16) | 0.0021 | 0.10 (0.04, 0.17) | 0.0010 |
| ≥2006 | 1194 | REF | REF | ||
| Baseline HbA1c >64 mmol/mol: | |||||
| No | 3574 | REF | REF | ||
| Yes | 1768 | 0.19 (0.08, 0.31) | 0.0017 | 0.07 (−0.04, 0.18) | 0.2300 |
| BMI (kg/m2): | |||||
| <25 | 533 | −0.08 (−0.28, 0.11) | 0.4008 | 0.05 (−0.14, 0.23) | 0.6387 |
| 25–<30 | 1890 | REF | REF | ||
| 30–<35 | 1703 | 0.20 (0.07, 0.33) | 0.0023 | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.20) | 0.2371 |
| 35–<40 | 774 | 0.27 (0.10, 0.44) | 0.0016 | −0.02 (−0.19, 0.14) | 0.7887 |
| ≥40 | 442 | 0.76 (0.55, 0.97) | <0.0001 | 0.26 (0.06, 0.47) | 0.0128 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l): | |||||
| <1 | 1275 | 0.60 (0.44, 0.76) | <0.0001 | 0.21 (0.05, 0.38) | 0.0107 |
| 1–<1.2 | 1524 | 0.41 (0.25, 0.56) | <0.0001 | 0.18 (0.03, 0.34) | 0.0188 |
| 1.2–<1.4 | 1168 | 0.15 (−0.01, 0.32) | 0.0673 | 0.03 (−0.13, 0.19) | 0.7291 |
| ≥1.4 | 1119 | REF | REF | ||
| Missing | 256 | 0.01 (−0.25, 0.26) | 0.9266 | −0.17 (−0.42, 0.09) | 0.1850 |
| Triacylglycerol (mmol/l): | |||||
| <1.5 | 790 | REF | REF | ||
| 1.5–<2.5 | 1391 | 0.08 (−0.10 to 0.26) | 0.4173 | −0.01 (−0.18, 0.17) | 0.9315 |
| 2.5–<3.5 | 858 | 0.16 (−0.03, 0.36) | 0.1110 | −0.04 (−0.23, 0.15) | 0.6677 |
| ≥3.5 | 819 | 0.36 (0.16, 0.56) | 0.0005 | −0.03 (−0.22, 0.17) | 0.7767 |
| Missing | 1484 | −0.03 (−0.21, 0. 51) | 0.7477 | 0.07 (−0.11, 0.24) | 0.4402 |
aUnits are mmol/mol HbA1c per year, adjusted only for glucose-lowering medication, steroid use and change in BMI
bUnits are mmol/mol HbA1c per year, adjusted for glucose-lowering medication, steroid use, change in BMI, age at diagnosis, sex, year diagnosed, baseline HbA1c group, BMI, triacylglycerols and HDL-cholesterol
Values are expressed as the absolute difference in progression rate between the study group and the reference group. Positive values mean that the glycaemic deterioration rate is faster than the reference group