Fig. 1.

 Plasma levels of 4-HHE are increased in type 2 diabetes. (a) Concentration of 4-HHE and 4-HNE in plasma from individuals with type 2 diabetes or from healthy volunteers, measured using GC–MS. (b) 4-HHE adducts on plasma proteins, measured by dot blot using anti-4-HHE Michael adduct antibody. AU, arbitrary units. (c) Normalisation of 4-HHE and 4-HNE to the concentration of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA, respectively, measured by GC. (d) Correlation between plasma 4-HHE levels and blood glucose levels. (e) Concentration of 4-HHE and 4-HNE in plasma from obese ZDF rats (n = 5) or lean ZDF rats (n = 5), measured by GC–MS. (f) Blood glucose levels in the lean and obese ZDF rats measured using a glucometer. Data are means or means±SEM. ***p < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA). White circles, healthy volunteers (control); black squares, individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D); white triangles, lean ZDF rats; black triangles, obese ZDF rats