Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants at baseline (wave 2), according to baseline diabetes status
| Characteristic | Baseline characteristic by diabetes status | p for trenda | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n=3553) |
Prediabetes (n=1190) |
Diabetes (n=446) |
||
| Age, years | 64.8 ± 9.1 | 67.4 ± 9.9 | 67.6 ± 8.7 | <0.001 |
| Women, % | 1995 (56.1) | 665 (55.9) | 200 (44.8) | 0.001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 34.4 ± 2.7 | 40.7 ± 1.9 | 55.6 ± 15.0 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.26 ± 0.43 | 5.87 ± 0.18 | 7.23 ± 1.39 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 6.03 ± 1.12 | 5.99 ± 1.28 | 4.99 ± 1.13 | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.58 ± 0.39 | 1.48 ± 0.36 | 1.29 ± 0.33 | <0.001 |
| Triacylglycerol, mmol/l | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 1.9 (1.4–2.8) | <0.001 |
| High-sensitivity CRP, nmol/l | 16.2 (7.6–34.3) | 24.8 (12.4–47.6) | 22.9 (12.4–46.7) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.2 ± 4.4 | 28.7 ± 4.8 | 30.2 ± 4.9 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 135.0 ± 18.4 | 137.6 ± 18.7 | 138.7 ± 18.4 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 76.1 ± 10.5 | 75.8 ± 11.5 | 73.7 ± 11.5 | <0.001 |
| Education NVQ3/GCE A level or above, % | 1283 (36.1) | 342 (28.7) | 129 (28.9) | <0.001 |
| Living alone, % | 1093 (30.8) | 421 (35.4) | 154 (34.5) | 0.006 |
| Depressive symptoms, % | 431 (12.1) | 184 (15.5) | 81 (18.2) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, % | 426 (12.0) | 226 (19.0) | 68 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| Alcoholic drink once or more per week, % | 2232 (62.8) | 608 (51.1) | 187 (41.9) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 1554 (43.7) | 583 (49.0) | 256 (57.4) | <0.001 |
| CHD, % | 144 (4.1) | 113 (9.5) | 70 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| Stroke, % | 46 (1.3) | 35 (2.9) | 19 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease, % | 152 (4.3) | 70 (5.9) | 29 (6.5) | 0.006 |
| Cancer, % | 194 (5.5) | 49 (4.1) | 25 (5.6) | 0.406 |
| Memory score | 10.5 ± 3.4 | 10.0 ± 3.5 | 9.4 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| Executive function score | 20.8 ± 6.3 | 20.1 ± 6.1 | 19.4 ± 6.7 | <0.001 |
| Orientation score | 3.78 ± 0.49 | 3.78 ± 0.53 | 3.76 ± 0.49 | 0.435 |
Values are mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or n (%)
aCalculated using a linear regression analysis or χ2 test for trend