Table 3.
Longitudinal analysis of mean difference in rate of change in cognitive z scores (SD/year) comparing categories of baseline diabetes status, using linear mixed models
| Mean difference (95% CI) in rate of change by baseline diabetes status | p for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n=3553) | Prediabetes (n=1190) | Diabetes (n=446) | ||
| Global cognitive z score | ||||
| Model 1a | 0.000 (ref.) | −0.013 (−0.022, −0.003) | −0.031 (−0.046, −0.015) | <0.001 |
| Model 2b | 0.000 (ref.) | −0.012 (−0.022, −0.002) | −0.031 (−0.046, −0.015) | <0.001 |
| Memory z score | ||||
| Model 1a | 0.000 (ref.) | −0.002 (−0.009, 0.005) | −0.015 (−0.026, −0.004) | 0.026 |
| Model 2b | 0.000 (ref.) | −0.002 (−0.009, 0.005) | −0.015 (−0.026, −0.003) | 0.030 |
| Executive function z score | ||||
| Model 1a | 0.000 (ref.) | −0.008 (−0.016, 0.000) | −0.022 (−0.034, −0.009) | <0.001 |
| Model 2b | 0.000 (ref.) | −0.008 (−0.016, 0.000) | −0.022 (−0.034, −0.009) | <0.001 |
| Orientation z score | ||||
| Model 1a | 0.000 (ref.) | −0.011 (−0.023, −0.000) | −0.023 (−0.040, −0.005) | 0.003 |
| Model 2b | 0.000 (ref.) | −0.011 (−0.022, 0.000) | −0.023 (−0.041, −0.006) | 0.003 |
aModel 1: adjusted for baseline age and sex
bModel 2: further adjusted for baseline total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-sensitivity CRP, BMI, education, marital status, depressive symptoms, current smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, CHD, stroke, chronic lung disease and cancer