Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of all individuals by type of diabetes and foot ulceration status
| Variable | Type 2 diabetes | Type 1 diabetes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foot ulcera | No foot ulcer | p valueb | Foot ulcera | No foot ulcer | p valueb | |
| (n=1081) | (n=11,504) | (n=66) | (n=1304) | |||
| Age, years | 74.2 (73.5, 74.9) | 71.7 (71.5, 72.0) | <0.001 | 59.33 (55.3, 63.4) | 45.3 (44.4, 46.2) | <0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 594 (54.9) | 6569 (57.1) | 0.322 | 45 (68.2) | 736 (56.4) | 0.122 |
| Female | 487 (45.1) | 4935 (42.9) | 0.350 | 21 (31.8) | 568 (43.6) | 0.286 |
| Age categories, n (%) | ||||||
| <40 years | 8 (0.7) | 189 (1.6) | 0.840 | 7 (10.6) | 501 (38.4) | 0.132 |
| 40–49 years | 25 (2.3) | 446 (3.9) | 0.684 | 15 (22.7) | 327 (25.1) | 0.837 |
| 50–59 years | 102 (9.4) | 1260 (11.0) | 0.618 | 10 (15.2) | 235 (18.0) | 0.817 |
| 60–69 years | 182 (16.8) | 2456 (21.4) | 0.142 | 12 (18.2) | 126 (9.7) | 0.356 |
| >70 years | 764 (70.7) | 7153 (62.2) | <0.001 | 22 (33.3) | 115 (8.8) | 0.002 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 791 (73.2) | 7478 (65.0) | <0.001 | 24 (36.4) | 226 (17.3) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 118 (10.9) | 828 (7.2) | <0.001 | 6 (9.1) | 8 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 152 (14.1) | 502 (4.4) | <0.001 | 16 (24.2) | 33 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Previous myocardial infarction, n (%) | 203 (18.8) | 1445 (12.6) | <0.001 | 6 (9.1) | 38 (2.9) | 0.005 |
| Congestive cardiac failure, n (%) | 220 (20.4) | 979 (8.5) | <0.001 | 4 (6.1) | 18 (1.4) | 0.003 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Current/ex-smoker | 345 (31.9) | 4062 (35.3) | 0.204 | 30 (45.5) | 486 (37.3) | <0.001 |
| Non-smoker | 427 (39.5) | 3748 (32.6) | 0.004 | – | – | – |
| Unreported smoking status | 309 (28.6) | 3694 (32.1) | 0.200 | 36 (54.5) | 818 (62.7) | 0.321 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 60.1 (59.0, 61.1) | 58.3 (57.9, 58.7) | 0.003 | 72.4 (67.6, 77.2) | 70.0 (68.9, 71.1) | 0.341 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.6 (7.5, 7.7) | 7.5 (7.4, 7.5) | 0.003 | 8.8 (8.3, 9.2) | 8.6 (8.5, 8.7) | 0.34 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 144 (142, 145) | 141 (141, 142) | 0.002 | 136 (130, 142) | 132 (130, 133) | 0.175 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 78 (77, 79) | 79 (79, 79) | 0.004 | 75 (71, 79) | 75 (74, 76) | 0.834 |
| Creatinine, μmol/l | 100 (96, 103) | 91 (90, 92) | 0.004 | 94 (78, 110) | 89 (82, 91) | 0.454 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.6 (4.5, 4.7) | 4.6 (4.6, 4.7) | 0.073 | 4.4 (4.0, 4.8) | 4.8 (4.7, 4.9) | 0.056 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | 2.6 (2.5, 2.6) | 2.6 (2.6, 2.7) | 0.021 | 2.5 (2.1, 2.8) | 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) | 0.101 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.24 (1.21, 1.27) | 1.26 (1.25, 1.26) | 0.19 | 1.40 (1.18, 1.62) | 1.52 (1.47, 1.57) | 0.274 |
| Statin treatment, n (%) | 655 (60.6) | 6605 (57.4) | 0.043 | 20 (30.3) | 242 (18.6) | 0.018 |
| Townsend index score | −0.6 (−0.8, −0.4) | −1.2 (−1.2, −1.1) | <0.001 | −0.3 (−0.9, 0.4) | −1.3 (1.5, 1.2) | 0.003 |
Data are the most recent measure within 1 year of study entry
Continuous data are presented as mean (95% CI)
aFoot ulceration identified during follow-up
bFrom test of proportions, χ2 tests (categorical variables) or ANOVA (continuous) for differences by the presence or absence of foot ulceration