Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants who later developed type 2 diabetes and their matched controls in a case–control study nested within the Västerbotten Intervention Programme cohort
| Characteristic | Cases (n = 503) |
Matched controls (n = 503) |
p value for difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mena | 44.5 | 44.5 | |
| Age, yearsa | 50.2 (7.9) | 50.1 (8.0) | |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/l | 6.0 (0.9) | 5.5 (1.1) | <0.0001 |
| 2 h-PG, mmol/l | 8.3 (2.8) | 6.5 (1.6) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.5 (4.9) | 25.5 (3.8) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IRb | 1.7 (1.1) | 0.9 (0.7) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-%Bb | 101.5 (72.9) | 74.5 (27.7) | <0.0001 |
| Triacylglycerols, mmol/l | 2.0 (1.3) | 1.4 (0.7) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 5.9 (1.2) | 5.7 (1.1) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 138 (18.1) | 128 (17.2) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 85 (10.4) | 80 (9.7) | <0.0001 |
| Total energy intake, kJ/day | 7186.0 (2551.2) | 7282.2 (2594.1) | 0.6 |
| Dietary fibre, g/day | 18.9 (7.4) | 19.5 (8.2) | 0.3 |
| Whole grains, g/day | 72.2 (36.5) | 74.4 (39.6) | 0.5 |
| Fat, g/day | 68.2 (26.0) | 64.3 (27.7) | 0.6 |
| Alcohol, g/day | 3.3 (6.7) | 3.6 (4.3) | 0.1 |
| Smoking status | 0.03 | ||
| Current smoker | 22.4 | 19.1 | |
| Former smoker | 28.6 | 25.8 | |
| Occasional smoker | 1.0 | 3.8 | |
| Former occasional smoker | 9.2 | 7.2 | |
| Non-smoker | 38.7 | 43.9 | |
| Physical activityc | 0.1 | ||
| Inactive | 18.7 | 17.9 | |
| Moderately inactive | 35.4 | 35.9 | |
| Moderately active | 28.2 | 27.3 | |
| Active | 17.7 | 18.9 | |
| Education | 0.04 | ||
| Elementary school | 33.3 | 29.8 | |
| Vocational (training) school | 28.1 | 26.2 | |
| Secondary school | 22.3 | 20.6 | |
| University education/college | 16.3 | 23.4 |
Data are mean (SD) or %
aMatching factors
bHOMA-IR and HOMA-%B at baseline among a subset of 187 case–control pairs with repeated samples available
cPhysical activity defined based on the Cambridge physical activity index [47], which is a validated index based on two questions in the Västerbotten Intervention Programme questionnaire related to physical activity in work and leisure