Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Characteristics | HUNT | ESTRID | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | LADA | p a | Control participants | Type 2 diabetes | LADA | p a | |
| Number of individuals | 54,440 | 2002 | 147 | 1704 | 1420 | 425 | ||
| Women, % | 53.2 | 47.3 | 51.7 | 0.3028 | 51.9 | 39.2 | 45.7 | 0.0181 |
| Age at diagnosis, years (at inclusion for control participants), mean (SD)b | – | 60.9 (10.9) | 59.9 (11.1) | 0.3039 | 58.4 (13.5) | 63.2 (10.3) | 59.0 (12.3) | <0.0001 |
| Age, years, at baseline (HUNT), mean (SD) | 48.3 (15.8) | 54.8 (11.0) | 54.4 (11.2) | 0.6928 | – | – | – | – |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 25.5 (3.8) | 29.8 (4.5) | 29.2 (4.9) | 0.1704 | 25.9 (4.2) | 31.2 (5.4) | 28.1 (5.3) | <0.0001 |
| WHR, mean (SD)c | 0.84 (0.08) | 0.90 (0.07) | 0.87 (0.07) | 0.0260 | – | – | – | – |
| Any first-degree FHD, % | 24.2 | 57.1 | 48.3 | 0.0379 | 24.4 | 49.8 | 45.2 | 0.0951 |
| FHD-T2D, % | – | – | – | – | 22.65 | 47.61 | 36.71 | <0.0001 |
| FHD-T1D, % | – | – | – | – | 2.58 | 5.00 | 11.29 | <0.0001 |
| With insulin treatment, % | – | 3.4 | 17.3 | <0.0001 | – | 5.9 | 41.2 | <0.0001 |
| C-peptide, nmol/l, median (IQR)d | – | 0.86 (0.60) | 0.57 (0.78) | <0.0001 | – | 1.20 (0.65) | 0.69 (0.67) | <0.0001 |
| GADA, U/ml, median (IQR) | – | – | 134.4 (521.4) | – | – | – | 196.0 (224.0) | – |
| HOMA-IR, median (IQR)d | – | 2.20 (1.60) | 2.10 (1.70) | 0.1119 | – | 3.50 (2.20) | 2.70 (2.60) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-β, median (IQR)d | – | 64.5 (49.2) | 59.0 (50.8) | 0.4109 | – | 68.1 (49.8) | 37.8 (53.6) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-S, median (IQR)d | – | 45.2 (30.7) | 47.2 (49.0) | 0.1263 | – | 28.2 (16.4) | 36.9 (32.8) | <0.0001 |
| High-risk HLA, %e | – | – | – | – | – | 31.1 | 61.4 | <0.0001 |
| Low-risk HLA, %e | – | – | – | – | – | 45.0 | 21.9 | <0.0001 |
ap for difference between LADA and type 2 diabetes
bMedian 5 months after diabetes diagnosis for cases in ESTRID
cInformation only available from baseline at HUNT2 (1995–1997)
dClinical information was available for 92.6% of the individuals in ESTRID (LADA n = 394, type 2 diabetes n = 1315) and 70.7% of participants in HUNT (LADA n = 118, type 2 diabetes n = 1401)
eGenetic information was available for 90.4% of the individuals in ESTRID (LADA n = 389, type 2 diabetes n = 1278)
T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes