Table 1.
Patient characteristics according to responses to ‘comfort speaking up’ item.
| Characteristic | All respondents | p-value | Respondents who had a problem | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No problem n = 5,254 | Had problem n = 4,958 | Not always comfortable n = 1,514 | Always comfortable n = 3,444 | |||
| Age, years | ||||||
| ≤ 35 | 741 (45.9) | 875 (54.1) | <0.01 | 249 (28.5) | 626 (71.5) | <0.01 |
| 36–45 | 380 (45.6) | 454 (54.4) | 119 (26.2) | 335 (73.8) | ||
| 46–55 | 744 (48.8) | 782 (51.2) | 231 (29.5) | 551 (70.5) | ||
| 56–65 | 1,213 (51.8) | 1,128 (48.2) | 338 (30.0) | 790 (70.0) | ||
| 66–75 | 1,275 (54.8) | 1,053 (45.2) | 319 (30.3) | 734 (69.7) | ||
| ≥ 76 | 901 (57.5) | 666 (42.5) | 258 (38.7) | 408 (61.3) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 3,134 (50.8) | 3,041 (49.2) | 0.08 | 932 (30.6) | 2,109 (69.4) | 0.83 |
| Male | 2,120 (52.5) | 1,917 (47.5) | 582 (30.4) | 1,335 (69.6) | ||
| Race | ||||||
| White | 1,945 (50.0) | 1,942 (50.0) | <0.01 | 604 (31.1) | 1,338 (68.9) | <0.01 |
| African-American | 2,508 (53.2) | 2,203 (46.8) | 626 (28.4) | 1,577 (71.6) | ||
| Asian | 63 (39.4) | 97 (60.6) | 40 (41.2) | 57 (58.8) | ||
| Other | 738 (50.8) | 716 (49.2) | 244 (34.1) | 472 (65.9) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 4,600 (50.8) | 4,459 (49.2) | <0.01 | 1,343 (30.1) | 3,116 (69.9) | 0.76 |
| Hispanic | 348 (57.4) | 258 (42.6) | 80 (31.0) | 178 (69.0) | ||
| Education | ||||||
| ≤ 8th grade | 256 (60.1) | 170 (39.9) | <0.01 | 58 (34.1) | 112 (65.9) | 0.15 |
| H.S. without grad | 666 (62.4) | 401 (37.6) | 135 (33.7) | 266 (66.3) | ||
| H.S. degree | 1,803 (55.9) | 1,421 (44.1) | 415 (29.2) | 1,006 (70.8) | ||
| Some college | 1,347 (49.3) | 1,385 (50.7) | 391 (28.2) | 994 (71.8) | ||
| College degree | 479 (43.3) | 628 (56.7) | 190 (30.3) | 438 (69.7) | ||
| > College degree | 476 (39.1) | 741 (60.9) | 239 (32.3) | 502 (67.7) | ||
| Language spoken at home | ||||||
| English | 4,721 (51.2) | 4,494 (48.8) | 0.20 | 1,327 (29.5) | 3,167 (70.5) | <0.01 |
| Non-English | 343 (53.8) | 294 (46.2) | 114 (38.8) | 180 (61.2) | ||
| Admission through ED* | ||||||
| Yes | 3,359 (51.5) | 3,169 (48.5) | 0.76 | 1,028 (32.4) | 2141 (67.6) | <0.01 |
| No | 1,739 (51.1) | 1,662 (48.9) | 438 (26.4) | 1,224 (73.6) | ||
| Overall health | ||||||
| Excellent | 797 (54.2) | 673 (45.8) | <0.01 | 137 (20.4) | 536 (79.6) | <0.01 |
| Very good | 1,353 (53.2) | 1,188 (46.8) | 311 (26.2) | 536 (73.8) | ||
| Good | 1,646 (50.4) | 1,617 (49.6) | 542 (33.5) | 1,075 (66.5) | ||
| Fair | 1,010 (50.8) | 978 (49.2) | 332 (34.0) | 646 (66.1) | ||
| Poor | 322 (44.4) | 404 (55.6) | 150 (37.1) | 254 (62.9) | ||
| Mental health | ||||||
| Excellent | 1,683 (52.3) | 1,533 (47.7) | 0.24 | 314 (20.5) | 1,219 (79.5) | <0.01 |
| Very good | 1,585 (51.8) | 1,474 (48.2) | 472 (32.0) | 1,002 (68.0) | ||
| Good | 1,358 (51.1) | 1,297 (48.9) | 461 (35.5) | 836 (64.5) | ||
| Fair | 447 (49.0) | 466 (51.0) | 178 (38.2) | 288 (61.8) | ||
| Poor | 89 (46.4) | 103 (53.6) | 50 (48.5) | 53 (51.5) | ||
*
Emergency Department (ED)