Table 2.

Multivariate analysis of predictors of experiencing a problem during hospitalization, and comfort speaking up about problem(s).

Patient characteristics	Problem during hospitalization Odds ratio (95% CI)	Not always comfortable speaking up Odds ratio (95% CI)
Age
≤ 35	REF	REF
36–45	0.93 (0.74–1.17)	0.84 (0.67–1.06)
46–55	0.78 (0.64–0.94)	0.96 (0.72–1.28)
56–65	0.69 (0.57–0.85)	0.94 (0.75–1.18)
66–75	0.61 (0.52–0.70)	1.01 (0.78–1.30)
≥ 76	0.51 (0.46–0.57)	1.33 (1.10–1.61)
Sex
Male	REF	REF
Female	1.05 (0.95–1.15)	1.10 (1.00–1.20)
Race
White	REF	REF
Asian	1.03 (0.75–1.41)	1.37 (0.74–2.54)
African American	0.77 (0.70–0.84)	0.82 (0.73–0.93)
Other	0.94 (0.88–1.01)	1.01 (0.84–1.21)
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic	REF	REF
Hispanic	0.62 (0.50–0.78)	0.98 (0.74–1.30)
Education
≤ 8th grade	REF	REF
Some high school, no degree	0.89 (0.76–1.04)	1.26 (0.84–1.87)
High school degree	1.08 (0.98–1.20)	1.04 (0.75–1.44)
Some college, no degree	1.38 (1.19–1.61)	1.03 (0.69–1.53)
College (4 year) graduate	1.70 (1.33–2.17)	1.18 (0.89–1.55)
Greater than 4-yr college	2.19 (1.64–2.91)	1.40 (1.08–1.81)
Language spoken at home
Non-English	REF	REF
English	1.09 (0.88–1.34)	0.67 (0.50–0.90)
Admission through ED
No	REF	REF
Yes	1.12 (1.01–1.24)	1.22 (1.09–1.37)
Overall health, self-rated
Excellent	REF	REF
Very good	1.03 (0.97–1.52)	1.22 (1.00–1.48)
Good	1.22 (1.11–1.33)	1.55 (1.28–1.87)
Fair	1.19 (1.03–1.38)	1.42 (1.03–1.98)
Poor	1.50 (1.17–1.91)	1.47 (1.18–1.82)
Mental health, self-rated
Excellent	REF	REF
Very good	1.08 (0.97–1.19)	1.85 (1.44–2.37)
Good	1.13 (1.05–1.22)	2.02 (1.80–2.27)
Fair	1.21 (0.97–1.52)	2.24 (1.93–2.60)
Poor	1.18 (0.92–1.53)	3.92 (2.82–5.45)

Regression models included hospital site as a fixed effect (data not shown) and have accounted for clustered responses at the hospital level by calculating robust standard errors for the estimates of odds ratios.

Records with missing values for any predictor were excluded from the analysis.

ED = Emergency Department