Table 2.
Maternal characteristics according to the GDM classification groups
| NGT | WHO 1999 | WHO 2013 | WHO 2013 only fasting glucose | WHO 1999 only 2HG |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criteria (mmol/l) | Fasting glucose <5.1 and 2HG <7.8 |
Fasting glucose ≥7.0 and/or 2HG ≥7.8 |
Fasting glucose ≥5.1 and/or 2HG ≥8.5 |
Fasting glucose ≥5.1-≤6.9 and 2HG <7.8 |
Fasting glucose <5.1 and 2HG ≥7.8-≤8.4 |
|
| Characteristics | N a | |||||
| N | 4431 | 2851 | 913 | 1346 | 667 | 234 |
| Treated for GDM, n (%) Diet | 0 | 524 (57.4) | 338 (25.1) | 0 | 186 (79.5) | |
| Additional insulin therapy | 0 | 389 (42.6) | 341 (25.3) | 0 | 48 (20.5) | |
| Age (years) | 4431 | 30.7 ± 4.9 | 32.1 ± 5.1*** | 32.0 ± 5.2*** | 31.6 ± 5.2*** | 31.6 ± 4.5** |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 4196 | 25.2 (22.0–30.4) | 27.7 (24.1–31.8)*** | 28.7 (24.5–32.9)*** | 29.1 (24.8–33.5)*** | 26.4 (23.3–30.4)** |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, n (%)b | 4196 | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
| <25 kg/m2 | 1311 (48.8) | 285 (32.0) | 366 (28.5) | 167 (26.9) | 86 (37.4) | |
| 25–30 kg/m2 | 618 (23.0) | 276 (30.9) | 365 (28.4) | 167 (26.9) | 78 (33.9) | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 755 (28.1) | 331 (37.1) | 551 (42.9) | 286 (46.1) | 66 (28.7) | |
| Ethnicity, n (%)b | 4431 | * | * | * | ||
| White | 2211 (77.6) | 719 (78.8) | 1060 (78.8) | 519 (77.8) | 178 (76.1) | |
| Asian | 160 (5.6) | 65 (7.1) | 62 (4.6) | 21 (3.1) | 24 (10.3) | |
| African-American | 150 (5.3) | 37 (4.1) | 78 (5.8) | 48 (7.2) | 7 (3.0) | |
| Mediterranean | 207 (7.3) | 68 (7.4) | 95 (7.1) | 47 (7.0) | 20 (8.5) | |
| Other | 123 (4.3) | 24 (2.6) | 51 (3.8) | 32 (4.8) | 5 (2.1) | |
| Nulliparous, n (%) | 4431 | 1281 (44.9) | 373 (40.9)* | 523 (38.9)*** | 250 (37.5)*** | 100 (42.7) |
| Chronic hypertension, n (%) | 4427 | 34 (1.2) | 37 (4.1)*** | 52 (3.9)*** | 22 (3.3)*** | 7 (3.0)* |
| Smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 4381 | 296 (10.5) | 101 (11.1) | 165 (12.4) | 87 (13.2)* | 23 (9.8) |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (IQR) or proportion of n (%)
p values are based on Student’s unpaired t test (non-skewed continuous variables), Mann–Whitney U test (skewed continuous variables), or χ 2 test/Fisher’s exact test. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 compared with NGT group
aData with respect to pre-pregnancy BMI, chronic hypertension and smoking are missing in 235 (5.3%), 4 (0.09%) and 50 (1.1%) of the subjects, respectively
b p values are for the complete categorical variable BMI and ethnicity, indicating changes in ethnic composition and BMI composition between groups