Fig. 3.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) increases task-evoked frontal theta oscillations. a, b Topographic plots of a stimulus- and b response-locked theta power. c, d Theta time courses in left anterior inferior frontal gyrus (aIFG), locked to c stimulus presentation or d response. Shading is standard error of the mean from 1000 bootstraps. Gray bars indicate significant cluster masses from sliding regression at p < 0.05, corrected via permutation testing. e, f DBS ON-OFF theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–15 Hz), and beta (15–30 Hz) change during the a, b time windows, in three example labels, (e) stimulus and f response locked. Error bars denote standard error of the mean. Stars denote the presence of a p < 0.05 cluster as in c, d, which may not necessarily be during this illustrative time window. Thus, significance in this plot does not directly correlate with the means and error bars, but correlates with the more rigorous statistics of c, d and g. Individual points reflect change in power for each patient. g Extents of significant DBS and interference clusters. a/A anterior, d dorsal, I inferior, m/M medial, r rostral, S superior, CC cingulate cortex, FG frontal gyrus