Table 1.
Bladder tissue regeneration with cell therapy in human and animals.
| Study | Cell types | Biomaterial | In vivo model | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atala et al. (14) | UC | PGA | Mouse Implantation into mesentery, omentum, retroperitoneum | Successful harvesting, culturing, and seeding of UC. |
| Cilento et al. (15) | Human bladder UC | PGA | Mouse Subcutaneous implant | Formation of multilayered structures |
| Yoo et al. (22) | SMC, UC | BAM | Beagle dogs Cystoplasty | Normal bladder compliance and increase in capacity compared with unseeded controls |
| Oberpenning et al. (3) | Autologous SMC, UC | PLGA coated PGA | Beagle dogs Cystoplasty | Normal capacity, elastic properties, and histologic architecture of the bladder wall. |
| Schoeller et al. (18) | UC | Silicon | Rat Cystoplasty | Successful use of vascularized prefabricated flaps for cystoplasty in animals with better survival rate compared to control groups. |
| Lai et al. (17) | Human SMCs from normal, exstrophic. neurogenic bladders | Unwoven PGA | Mouse Subcutaneous implant | Engineered muscle from normal and diseased bladders retain their phenotype in vitro and in vivo with the same degree of contractility regardless of their origin. |
| Fraser et al. (19) | Pig UC | Polyglactin carrier meshes and deepithelialized autologous colon | Minipigs Cystoplasty | Significant contraction and poor urothelial coverage. |
| Lakshmanan et al. (27) | hEG, SMC, UC | SIS | None | Co-cultured hEG cells grew well in vitro. |
| Frimberger et al. (28) | Human ESC SMCs, UC | SIS | Rat Cystoplasty | Improved regeneration of the ESC-seeded grafts compared to unseeded SIS. |
| Chung et al. (29) | BMSC | SIS | Rat Cystoplasty | More rapid tissue reconstitution compared to unseeded controls. |
| Jack et al. (30) | Human PLA cells | - | Rat, mouse Injection into urethral and bladder wall | Smooth muscle regeneration and phenotypic differentiation |
| Zhang et al. (31) | BMSC | SIS | Dog Cystoplasty | BMSC-seeded SIS scaffold promoted bladder regeneration. |
| Atala et al. (23) | Autologous UC, SMC | PGA | Human Cystoplasty | The engineered bladders showed improved functional parameters over a short period (10 months). |
| Jack et al. (32) | Human ADSC | PLGA | Rat Cystoplasty | Short-term improvement in physical properties of engineered bladder tissue. |
| Sakuma et al. (33) | Adipocytes | - | Mouse Injection to the cryo-injured bladder wall | Adipocytes differentiated into SMC lineages and contributed to the bladder wall regeneration. |
| Bodin et al. (34) | USCs | bacterial cellulose polymer | Mouse Subcutaneous implant | Differentiated USCs expressed urothelial and SMC markers. |
| Adamowicz et al. (35) | BMSC | Human amniotic membrane /tachosil sponge | Rat Cystoplasty | Formation of an autonomic SMC population poorly integrated into the bladder wall. |
| Horst et al. (36) | SMC | PLGA/BAM Hybrid scaffold | Rat Cystoplasty | Bladder regeneration with improved bladder architecture (urothelium, smooth muscle and collagen rich layers, micro vessels) in hybrid compared to BAM only scaffolds. |
| Imbeault et al. (37) | DF, HUVEC, UC | DF sheets | Mouse Subcutaneous implantation | Good vascularization, with capillary-like structures in the whole thickness of the tubes. |
| Joseph et al. (24) | Autologous SMC, UC | Polyglycolide/polylactide mesh | Human Cystoplasty | Cell seeded scaffold did not improve bladder compliance or capacity. |
| Horst et al. (38) | SMC | PLGA/BAM Hybrid scaffold | Rat Cystoplasty | Increased porosity enhanced cell proliferation in vitro and tissue ingrowth in vivo. |
| Lee et al. (39) | USC | heparin-immobilized bFGF-loaded scaffold | Rat Cystoplasty | Cell seeded scaffolds significantly increased bladder capacity, compliance, regeneration of smooth muscle tissue, multi-layered urothelium. |
| Zhe et al. (40) | ADSC | BAM | Rat Cystoplasty | Morphological regeneration of the bladder smooth muscle and nerves. Improvement of bladder capacity. |
| Horst et al. (41) | SMC | Polyesterurethane/BAM Hybrid scaffold | Rat Cystoplasty | Bladder tissue formation with excellent tissue integration and low inflammatory reaction. |
ADSC, Adipose derived stem cells; BAM, pig bladder derived acellular; BMSC, bone marrow stem cells; DF, Dermal fibroblasts; ESC, Embryonic stem cells; EnSCs, Endometrial stem cells; hEG, Human embryonic germ cells-derived stem cells; HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; PGA, polyglycolic acid polymer; PLA, Processed lipoaspirate; PLGA, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid; SIS, porcine small intestinal submucosa; SMC, smooth muscle cells; UC, Urothelial cells; USC, Urine-derived stem cells.