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. 2019 Mar 29;10:188. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00188

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Copyright © 2019 Fleiss, Wong, Brownfoot, Shearer, Baud, Walker, Gressens and Tolcos.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Outline of the causes of IUGR including contributions from maternal, placental and umbilical cord, and fetal dysfunction or injury. Adapted from Vijayaselvi and Cherian (22) and Gaccioli and Lager (23).