Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the participants according to bone mineral density.

¹⁾Bone health status: normal (T-score ≥ −1), osteopenia (T-score < −1 and > −2.5), and osteoporosis (T-score ≤ −2.5)

²⁾n (%)

³⁾Significantly different within groups in the complex sampling chi-square test (χ²-value); ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001

⁴⁾South: Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeju, Daegu, Gwangju, Busan, and Ulsan

⁵⁾Mean ± SE

⁶⁾Significantly different in the complex samples general linear model; ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001

⁷⁾All variables were adjusted for age and sex in all subjects collectively and for age in men and women.

⁸⁾Calcium and vitamin D intakes were adjusted for energy intake and age in men and women and adjusted for energy intake, age, and sex in all subjects collectively.