Table 3. Association between whole-body total bone mineral density and serum 25(OH)D concentration by serum 25(OH)D level < 20 ng/mL or ≥ 20 ng/mL.

¹⁾Adjusted for monthly alcohol consumption (yes/no), current smoking status (yes/no), age, area of residence (southern/central), body mass index (BMI), blood glucose, cholesterol and insulin levels, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and calcium intake

²⁾Adjusted for BMI, glucose and insulin levels, and ALP activity

³⁾Adjusted for monthly alcohol consumption (yes/no), age, BMI, ALP activity, and calcium intake

Analyzed by complex samples general linear model.

CI: confidence interval