Table 4. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of incident hypertension according to type of grain product consumption¹⁾.

¹⁾Time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate the HRs and 95% CIs for incident hypertension according to grain product consumption. The median consumption values for each category were used as a continuous variable in the models to assess the statistical significance for trends for hypertension risk across categories.

Model 1 was adjusted for age.

Model 2 was adjusted for age (continuous), BMI (continuous), household income (< 1, 1 - < 2, 2 - < 3, ≥ 3 million), education level (≤ 6, 7 - < 12, > 12 y), smoking status (never, former, current), alcohol intake (never, former, current), and physical activity (continuous).

Model 3 was adjusted for covariates included in Model 2 plus intake of total energy, sodium, fruit, vegetables, meat, and dairy food.