Table 2.
Regression results for three-level (child-household-district) models of HAZ
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (months) | – | −0.235*** (0.0583) | −0.233*** (0.0583) | −0.234*** (0.0583) | −0.234*** (0.0582) |
| Age2 (months squared) | – | 0.177*** (0.0405) | 0.177*** (0.0405) | 0.178*** (0.0404) | 0.178*** (0.0404) |
| Female (0/1) | – | 0.00313 (0.0260) | 0.00476 (0.0260) | 0.00487 (0.0260) | 0.00463 (0.0260) |
| Twin (0/1) | – | −0.651*** (0.144) | −0.648*** (0.144) | − 0.643*** (0.144) | −0.644*** (0.143) |
| Still breastfeeding (0/1) | – | 0.765*** (0.228) | 0.768*** (0.228) | 0.768*** (0.228) | 0.766*** (0.228) |
| Months breastfeeding (months) | – | −0.482*** (0.121) | −0.482*** (0.121) | − 0.481*** (0.121) | −0.480*** (0.121) |
| Months breastfeeding2 (months squared) | – | 0.126*** (0.0338) | 0.126*** (0.0338) | 0.126*** (0.0337) | 0.125*** (0.0337) |
| Fever in last two weeks (indicator) | – | 0.0245 (0.0350) | 0.0234 (0.0350) | 0.0240 (0.0350) | 0.0239 (0.0350) |
| Diarrhea in last two weeks (indicator) | – | −0.0743 (0.0405) | −0.0743 (0.0405) | − 0.0742 (0.0405) | − 0.0737 (0.0405) |
| Mother’s education (years) | – | 0.159*** (0.0186) | 0.161*** (0.0186) | 0.161*** (0.0186) | 0.161*** (0.0186) |
| Access to handwashing (indicator) | – | 0.166*** (0.0339) | 0.160*** (0.0340) | 0.164*** (0.0339) | 0.163*** (0.0339) |
| Mother’s BMI (BMI units) | – | 0.113*** (0.0153) | 0.113*** (0.0153) | 0.113*** (0.0153) | 0.113*** (0.0153) |
| Mother’s age at birth (years) | – | 0.00285 (0.0147) | 0.00270 (0.0147) | 0.00250 (0.0147) | 0.00240 (0.0147) |
| Wealth Index (quintile, 1–5, centered) | – | 0.0870*** (0.0151) | 0.0854*** (0.0152) | 0.0888*** (0.0151) | 0.0884*** (0.0151) |
| Water purification (0/1) | – | 0.0603 (0.0515) | 0.0558 (0.0514) | 0.0542 (0.0512) | 0.0569 (0.0512) |
| Year (1 = 2011, 0 = 2006) | – | 0.129*** (0.0329) | 0.135*** (0.0372) | 0.125*** (0.0378) | 0.124** (0.0377) |
| Altitude (m.a.s.l.) | – | −0.170*** (0.0267) | −0.182*** (0.0282) | − 0.174*** (0.0261) | − 0.179*** (0.0261) |
| Mother is a Dalit (0/1) | – | − 0.124** (0.0409) | − 0.132** (0.0410) | −0.122** (0.0409) | − 0.121** (0.0409) |
| Biomass usage (0/1) | – | −0.0852 (0.0593) | − 0.0882 (0.0594) | − 0.0752 (0.0595) | − 0.0798 (0.0596) |
| Constant | −1.913*** (0.0427) | −2.609*** (0.151) | −2.601*** (0.151) | −2.614*** (0.151) | −2.600*** (0.151) |
| Birth timing controls | Month | Month | Month | Month | Month |
| Residual variance | 1.367*** (0.0381) | 0.935*** (0.0269) | 0.935*** (0.0270) | 0.935*** (0.0270) | 0.935*** (0.0270) |
| District variance | 0.109*** (0.0222) | 0.0333*** (0.0085) | 0.0277** (0.0086) | 0.000352 (0.00573) | 1.71E-15 (8.61e-15) |
| Household variance | 0.351*** (0.0360) | 0.395*** (0.0282) | 0.388*** (0.0281) | 0.388*** (0.0281) | 0.388*** (0.0281) |
| Food shortage† (% reporting shortage) | – | – | 0.00568*** (0.00490) | – | – |
| Gender equity† (female enrollment ratio) | – | – | 0.0091*** (0.0059) | 0.0043*** (0.0054) | 0.0049*** (0.0055) |
| Marginal† (% marginalized) | – | – | – | 0.0244*** (0.0114) | 0.0237*** (0.0100) |
| Commercial† (% selling food) | – | – | – | 0.0034 (0.0075) | 0.00194 (0.0084) |
| Hospital distance† (minutes on foot) | – | – | – | 0.0121*** (0.0092) | 0.0123*** (0.0094) |
| ODF free† (% of VDCs) | – | – | – | – | 0.00283*** (0.0038) |
| Observations | 7533 | 7533 | 7533 | 7533 | 7533 |
| Total Variance | 1.827 | 1.3633 | 1.3507 | 1.3234 | 1.323 |
| Level 1 R-squared | – | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 |
| Level 3 R-squared | – | 0.69 | 0.75 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| Overall R-squared | – | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.28 |
| District ICC | 0.0597 | 0.0244 | 0.0205 | 0.0003 | 0.0000 |
| Household ICC | 0.252 | 0.3144 | 0.3078 | 0.2937 | 0.2932 |
| Log-Likelihood | −12,743.5 | −11,696.3 | −11,690.4 | −11,686.2 | −11,685.4 |
| AIC | 25,494.95 | 23,460.55 | 23,452.85 | 23,448.44 | 23,448.73 |
Notes: Standard errors presented in parentheses. † indicates variable has been standardized
Use of these data did not require institutional review because respondents previously provided informed consent and were rendered anonymous before the data were released to us for analysis
**Denotes statistical significance at the 5% confidence level
***Denotes statistical significance at the 1% confidence level