Table 3.
Regression results for three-level (child-household-district) models of WHZ
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (months) | – | 0.0920 (0.0517) | 0.0921 (0.0517) | 0.0944 (0.0517) |
| Age2 (months squared) | – | −0.107** (0.0359) | −0.107** (0.0359) | −0.109** (0.0359) |
| Female (0/1) | – | 0.00719 (0.0230) | 0.00744 (0.0229) | 0.00635 (0.0229) |
| Twin (0/1) | – | −0.461*** (0.125) | −0.464*** (0.124) | − 0.465*** (0.124) |
| Still breastfeeding (0/1) | – | 0.325 (0.202) | 0.327 (0.202) | 0.334 (0.202) |
| Months breastfeeding (months) | – | −0.374*** (0.107) | −0.376*** (0.107) | − 0.380*** (0.107) |
| Months breastfeeding2 (months squared) | – | 0.159*** (0.0299) | 0.159*** (0.0299) | 0.161*** (0.0299) |
| Fever in last two weeks (indicator) | – | −0.135*** (0.0307) | −0.135*** (0.0307) | − 0.138*** (0.0307) |
| Diarrhea in last two weeks (indicator) | – | −0.126*** (0.0357) | − 0.125*** (0.0357) | −0.124*** (0.0356) |
| Mother’s education (years) | – | 0.0371* (0.0161) | 0.0359* (0.0161) | 0.0377* (0.0160) |
| Access to handwashing (indicator) | – | 0.0287 (0.0291) | 0.0271 (0.0292) | 0.0295 (0.0292) |
| Mother’s BMI (BMI units) | – | 0.236*** (0.0133) | 0.235*** (0.0133) | 0.235*** (0.0132) |
| Mother’s age at birth (years) | – | −0.0229 (0.0128) | −0.0228 (0.0128) | − 0.0214 (0.0128) |
| Wealth Index (quintile, 1–5, centered) | – | 0.0254* (0.0129) | 0.0257* (0.0130) | 0.0240 (0.0129) |
| Water purification (0/1) | – | 0.0858 (0.0443) | 0.0845 (0.0443) | 0.0804 (0.0441) |
| Year (1 = 2011, 0 = 2006) | – | 0.0973*** (0.0283) | 0.0893** (0.0301) | 0.105*** (0.0317) |
| Altitude (m.a.s.l.) | – | 0.136*** (0.0208) | 0.137*** (0.0217) | 0.131*** (0.0208) |
| Mother is a Dalit (0/1) | – | −0.0376 (0.0350) | −0.0372 (0.0351) | −0.0337 (0.0350) |
| Biomass usage (0/1) | – | 0.0554 (0.508) | 0.0582 (0.0509) | 0.0711 (0.0511) |
| Constant | −0.739*** (0.0316) | −1.028*** (0.133) | −1.023*** (0.133) | −1.040*** (0.133) |
| Birth timing controls | Month | Month | Month | Month |
| Residual variance | 0.85*** (0.0244) | 0.781*** (0.0225) | 0.78*** (0.0225) | 0.778*** (0.0224) |
| District variance | 0.0574*** (0.0120) | 0.0149** (0.00462) | 0.0138** (0.00481) | 0.00151 (0.00461) |
| Household variance | 0.263*** (0.0240) | 0.233*** (0.0221) | 0.231*** (0.0221) | 0.23*** (0.0220) |
| Food shortage† (% reporting shortage) | – | – | 0.00263*** (0.00351) | – |
| Gender equity† (female enrollment ratio) | – | – | 0.00174*** (0.00251) | 0.000391 (0.00222) |
| Marginal† (% marginalized) | – | – | – | 0.0120*** (0.00670) |
| Commercial† (% selling food) | – | – | – | 3.92e-12*** (2.18e-11) |
| Hospital distance† (minutes on foot) | – | – | – | 0.0130*** (0.00668) |
| Observations | 7533 | 7533 | 7533 | 7533 |
| Total Variance | 1.170 | 1.029 | 1.025 | 1.010 |
| Level 1 R-squared | – | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
| Level 3 R-squared | – | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.97 |
| Overall R-squared | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.14 | |
| District ICC | 0.049 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.001 |
| Household ICC | 0.274 | 0.241 | 0.239 | 0.229 |
| Log-Likelihood | −11,085.970 | −10,705.570 | −10,704.630 | −10,696.715 |
| AIC | 22,179.950 | 21,479.140 | 21,481.260 | 21,469.430 |
Note: Standard errors presented in parentheses. † indicates variable has been standardized. ODF variable omitted from the WHZ regression
**Denotes statistical significance at the 5% confidence level
***Denotes statistical significance at the 1% confidence level