Fig. 7.

Ex-4 ameliorates rt-PA-induced hemorrhagic transformation by downregulating HG-CD147/MMPs pathway. Ex-4 is a GLP-1R agonist that promotes insulin secretion. a, b Ex-4 treatment reduces the stroke volume and HT in both saline and rt-PA groups. c Ex-4 shows a protecting effect on BBB integrity against rt-PA in Evans blue dye assay. Data expressed as mean ± SD. d Representative immunoblots and densitometric quantifications of CD147. Asterisk denotes comparison with control group without rt-PA treatment, number sign denotes comparison with control group with rt-PA treatment, and section sign denotes comparison with Ex-4-treated group without rt-PA treatment. e, f MMP-2/9 activity. Data expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed by two-way ANOVA. One asterisk (*) represents P < 0.05, two (**) P < 0.01, and three (***) P < 0.001. rt-PA recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, Ex-4 Exendin-4, MMP matrix metalloproteinase, HG highly glycosylated, LG lowly glycosylated, GLP-1R glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor