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. 2019 Apr 5;16:72. doi: 10.1186/s12974-019-1460-1

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 8 — Abridged general view. Diabetes upregulated the expression of caveolin-1 and the glycosylation of CD147 in both astrocytes and endothelium and further elevated the activities of MMPs, especially MMP-2/9. Higher MMP activity accelerates the degradation of BBB components and ultimately leads to erythrocyte leakage after rt-PA treatment of acute cerebral ischemia