Table 1.

The function of MSC-derived exosomes

Source of Exosomes	Specific Disease Treated	Target/Pathway	Reference
human umbilical cord MSCs	liver fibrosis	TGF-β1/Smad2	[30]
HuES9.E1 MSC	hepatoprotective effects	Cyclin D1, Bcl-xL, STAT3	[31]
adipose derived-MSCs	hepatitis	TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-18 and IL-1β	[33]
human umbilical cord-derived MSCs	renal Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)	VEGF	[34]
adipose tissue-derived autologous MSCs	renal artery stenosis	TNF-α, IL-6, IL10 and IL-1-β	[35]
human bone marrow MSCs	acute kidney injury	mRNAs	[36]
bone marrow MSCs	acute renal injury	Bcl-xL,Bcl2, BIRC8,Casp1, Casp8 and LTA	[37]
human umbilical cord MSCs	unilateral renal ischemia	lipocalin	[38]
bone marrow MSCs	acute kidney injury	mRNAs	[36]
Human bone marrow MSCs	damaged renal tubular	IGF-1R	[39]
adipose-derived MSC	myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury	Wnt/β-catenin	[41]
endometrium-derived MSCs	myocardial infarction	miR-21, PTEN	[42]
HuES9.E1 derived MSCs	myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury	PI3K/Akt	[43]
mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs	myocardial infarction	miR-22, Mecp2	[44]
bone marrow MSCs	myocardial infarction	miR-125b	[45]
human mesenchymal stem cell	cardiac contractility	miR-21-5p, PI3K	[46]
bone marrow-derived MSCs	myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury	AMPK/mTOR, Akt/mTOR	[47]
rat bone marrow derived MSCs	stroke	miR-17-92, PTEN	[50]
human adipose tissue-derived MSCs	Alzheimer’s disease	neprilysin	[51]
adipose-derived stem cells	oxygen-glucose deprivation	MicroRNA-181b/TRPM7	[52]
mouse bone marrow MSCs	Alzheimer’s disease	STAT3, NF-κB	[53]
bone marrow derived MSCs	chronic graft-versus-host disease	Treg, Th17	[55]
human multipotent stromal cells	type 1 diabetes, uveoretinitis	Th1, Th17	[56]
human bone-marrow derived MSCs	asthma	IL-10, TGF-β1	[57]
human umbilical cord MSCs	inflammation	MiR-181c, TLR4	[58]