Table II.
Kisspeptin (KP) concentrations in human plasma or serum during early pregnancy.
| Pregnancy state | Serum/plasma | Kisspeptin (KP) | Gestation age | Concentration | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UP | Serum | KP-54 | 6–10 Weeks (n = 20) | 1.50 (0.55–3.72) ng/ml | Sullivan-Pyke et al. (2018) |
| Plasma | KP-54 | 6–10 Weeks (n = 8) | 3.52 (1.09–21.7) ng/ml | ||
| SAB | Serum | KP-54 | 6–10 Weeks (n = 20) | 0.20 (0.07–0.37) ng/ml | |
| Plasma | KP-54 | 6–10 Weeks (n = 3) | 2.7 (0.46–2.7) ng/ml | ||
| UP | Plasma | KP-10 | 7–18 Weeks (n = 20) | 5783 (3168–9953) pg/ml | Kavvasoglu et al. (2012) |
| Miscarriage | Plasma | KP-10 | 7–18 Weeks (n = 20) | 391 (152–951) pg/ml | |
| UP | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | 11.3 ± 1.9 (n = 899) | 1.06 ± 0.42 pmol/ml | Jayasena et al. (2014) |
| Miscarriage | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | 9.8 ± 3.1 (n = 50) | 0.42 ± 0.39 pmol/ml | |
| UP (twin) | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | 10.7 ± 1.5 (n = 20) | 1.64 ± 0.54 pmol/ml | |
| Miscarriage of one fetus (twin) | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | 10.7 ± 1.5 (n = 10) | 1.15 ± 0.58 pmol/ml | |
| UP (triplet) | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | 10.7 ± 1.5 (n = 2) | 2.09 ± 0.26 pmol/ml | |
| UP | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | 9–12 Weeks (n = 25) | 4.51 ± 2.21 nmol/l | Cetkovic et al. (2012) |
| 21–25 Weeks (n = 25) | 10.33 ± 2.65 nmol/l | ||||
| 32–36 Weeks (n = 25) | 20.48 ± 7.60 nmol/l | ||||
| GD | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | 21–25 Weeks (n = 20) | 4.51 ± 3.18 nmol/l | |
| 32–36 Weeks (n = 20) | 11.643 ± 7.65 nmol/l | ||||
| Type 1 | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | 9–12 Weeks (n = 16) | 1.82 ± 1.47 nmol/l | |
| 21–25 Weeks (n = 16) | 7.12 ± 4.78 nmol/l | ||||
| 32–36 Weeks (n = 16) | 16.31 ± 12.10 nmol/l | ||||
| H | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | 9–12 Weeks (n = 22) | 1.18 ± 0.36 nmol/l | |
| 21–25 Weeks (n = 22) | 3.42 ± 1.04 nmol/l | ||||
| 32–36 Weeks (n = 22) | 14.14 ± 10.44 nmol/l | ||||
| GH | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | 21–25 Weeks (n = 18) | 8.46 ± 6.24 nmol/l | |
| 32–36 Weeks (n = 18) | 25.68 ± 9.23 nmol/l | ||||
| PE | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | 21–25 Weeks (n = 28) | 4.46 ± 3.73 nmol/l | |
| 32–36 Weeks (n = 28) | 16.03 ± 10.09 nmol/l | ||||
| UP | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | FT (10.4 ± 0.5 Weeks) (n = 13) | 803 ± 125 pmol/l | Dhillo et al. (2006) |
| TT (38 ± 0.8 Weeks) (n = 7) | 2483 ± 302 pmol/l | ||||
| 15 d postpartum (n = 7) | <2 pmol/l | ||||
| Malignant GTN | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | Pre-therapy (n = 11) | 1363 ± 1076 pmol/l | |
| Post-therapy (n = 11) | <2 pmol/l | ||||
| UP | Plasma | KP-54, 14 and 10 | TT (34 ± 0.6) (n = 49) | 13 783 ± 864 pmol/l | Jayasena et al. (2015) |
| Salivary | KP-54, 14 and 10 | TT (34 ± 0.6) (n = 49) | 123 ± 34 pmol/l | ||
| Urine | KP-54, 14 and 10 | TT (34 ± 0.6) (n = 49) | 301 ± 59 pmol/l | ||
| UP | Plasma | KP-54 | FT (n = 11) | 1230 ± 346 pmol/l | Horikoshi et al. (2003) |
| ST (n = 16) | 4590 ± 555 pmol/l | ||||
| TT (n = 12) | 9590 ± 1640 pmol/l | ||||
| 5 d postdelivery (n = 10) | 7.63 ± 1.33 pmol/l | ||||
| UP (singleton) | Serum | KP-54 | 11–14 Weeks (n = 31) | 1995 ± 375 pmol/l | Madazli et al. (2012) |
| PE (singleton) | Serum | KP-54 | 11–14 Weeks (n = 30) | 1554 ± 385 pmol/l | |
| UP (singleton) | Plasma | KP-54 | TT (n = 50) | 9.69 ± 1.35 ng/ml | Adali et al. (2012) |
| Mild PE | Plasma | KP-54 | TT (n = 15) | 2.61 ± 0.40 ng/ml | |
| Severe PE | Plasma | KP-54 | TT (n = 24) | 1.17 ± 0.24 ng/ml | |
| UP (singleton) | Plasma | KP-10 | 16 Weeks (n = 158) | 1044 ± 621 pmol/l | Logie et al. (2012) |
| 28 Weeks (n = 139) | 1714 ± 1306 pmol/l | ||||
| 36 Weeks (n = 99) | 2441 ± 2123 pmol/l | ||||
| UP | Serum | KP-10 | 16–20 Weeks (n = 317) | 1188 (494–2298) pg/ml | Armstrong et al. (2009) |
| UP | Serum | KP-10 | 16–20 Weeks (n = 118) | 1164 (442–3903) pg/ml | |
| PE | Serum | KP-10 | 16–20 Weeks (n = 57) | 1109 (605–1935) pg/ml | |
| UP | Serum | KP-10 | 38.03 ± 0.06 (n = 30) | 1.66 ± 0.59 ng/ml | Matjila et al. (2016) |
| Cord serum | 0.58 ± 0.39 ng/ml | ||||
| PE | Serum | KP-10 | 32.95 ± 0.53 (n = 19) | 2.03 ± 0.44 ng/ml | |
| Cord serum | 1.78 ± 0.38 ng/ml | ||||
| UP | Plasma | KP-10 | 8–14 Weeks (n = 31) | 2035 ± 1260 pmol/l | Smets et al. (2008) |
| SGA | Plasma | KP-10 | 8–14 Weeks (n = 31) | 1376 ± 1317 pmol/l |
Abbreviations: UP, uncomplicated pregnancy; GD, gestational diabetes mellitus; type 1, pre-gestational insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; H, chronic hypertension; GH, gestational hypertension; PE, pre-eclampsia; SGA, restriction small for gestational age; FT, the first trimester; ST, the second trimester; TT, the third trimester.
Median ± SD or Median (quartile range) [range].