Table 4.
Comparison the mean changes from baseline between three groups
| Variables | Diet group | N-3 PUFA group | Control group | P-trend | P Diet versus n-3 PUFA | P Diet versus control | P n-3 PUFA versus control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (kg) | −2.97±2.79 | −1.16±1.85 | −1.01±1.43 | 0.001* | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.963 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −1.09±1.03 | −0.43±0.74 | −0.37±0.52 | 0.001* | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.954 |
| PBF (%) | −1.35±1.55 | −0.59±1.79 | −0.79±1.00 | 0.101* | |||
| FM (kg) | −2.29±2.35 | −0.93±2.03 | −1.01±1.16 | 0.007* | 0.013 | 0.030 | 0.987 |
| FFM (kg) | −0.680±1.154 | −0.222±1.580 | −0.003±0.904 | 0.097* | 0.291 | 0.094 | 0.774 |
| SMM (kg) | −0.43±0.72 | −0.16±0.91 | −0.01±0.48 | 0.075* | 0.291 | 0.068 | 0.688 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | −12.54±12.51 | −6.13±10.43 | −7.41±7.20 | 0.030* | 0.032 | 0.135 | 0.879 |
| WHR | −0.021±0.024 | −0.016±0.025 | −0.020±0.020 | 0.695* | |||
| 24-h MET-time (MET.h/d) | 0.18±5.50 | 1.25±4.41 | 0.85±6.41 | 0.779** | |||
| FBS (mg/dL) | −4.86±11.96 | 0.60±7.93 | −1.86±15.64 | 0.167* | |||
| Insulin (µu/mL) | −5.66±5.04 | −1.50±5.60 | −1.74±6.41 | 0.005* | 0.009 | 0.023 | 0.985 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −15.97±47.92 | 7.29±75.80 | 10.09±62.01 | 0.178* | |||
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | −11.17±32.17 | 12.91±22.59 | 0.44±33.87 | 0.005* | 0.003 | 0.247 | 0.205 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | −9.77±22.53 | 3.54±20.94 | −2.12±23.71 | 0.049* | 0.038 | 0.335 | 0.548 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | −3.83±6.22 | 0.11±4.96 | −2.26±6.88 | 0.027* | 0.021 | 0.534 | 0.238 |
| ALT (IU/L) | −6.28±19.40 | 0.45±16.24 | −2.56±14.95 | 0.082** | |||
| AST (IU/L) | −2.86±8.01 | −1.14±6.97 | −1.29±7.82 | 0.579** | |||
| GGT (IU/L) | −4.75±14.11 | −4.19±11.24 | −7.81±17.18 | 0.315** | |||
| HOMA-IR | −1.29±1.28 | −0.26±1.33 | −0.39±1.42 | 0.005* | 0.006 | 0.030 | 0.915 |
| Energy intake (kcal) | −210.31±429.28 | −63.59±223.09 | −29.29±412.05 | 0.208* | |||
| Dietary carbohydrate (%) | −1.31±5.21 | −0.11±5.11 | −0.11±4.14 | 0.534** | |||
| Dietary fat (%) | 0.17±4.36 | 0.28±4.44 | −0.44±3.15 | 0.726* | |||
| Dietary protein (%) | 1.08±2.30 | −0.17±2.45 | 0.53±1.86 | 0.029** | 0.052 | 0.555 | 0.394 |
| Dietary Cholesterol (mg/d) | 24.95±142.13 | 3.30±123.77 | 31.30±133.98 | 0.582** | |||
| Dietary SFA (g/day) | −1.01±5.38 | −0.90±3.71 | −5.85±38.12 | 0.512** | |||
| Dietary MUFA (g/day) | −2.11±7.96 | −1.64±9.09 | −1.82±5.60 | 0.627** | |||
| Dietary PUFA (g/day) | −2.90±7.41 | −0.69±6.69 | −1.24±6.94 | 0.544** | |||
| Dietary EPA (g/day) | 0.011±0.058 | −0.006±0.075 | −0.005±0.019 | 0.379** | |||
| Dietary DHA (g/day) | 0.032±0.154 | −0.010±0.179 | −0.013±0.052 | 0.655** | |||
| Dietary fiber (g/day) | −3.74±6.63 | −2.45±4.46 | −1.00±4.57 | 0.106* | 0.566 | 0.086 | 0.497 |
*Analyzed by one-way ANOVA between three groups, **Analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis between three groups. Data are presented as mean±SD. BMI=Body mass index; PBF=Percent body fat; FM=Fat mass; FFM=Fat free mass; SMM=Skeletal muscle mass; WHR=Waist-hip ratio; FBS=Fasting blood sugar; LDL-C=Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C=High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT=Alanine aminotransferase; AST=Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT=Gamma-glutamyltransferase; HOMA-IR=Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; SFA=Saturated fatty acid; MUFA=Monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA=Polyunsaturated fatty acid; EPA=Eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA=Docosahexaenoic acid; SD=Standard deviation; N-3 PUFA=n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid