Table 2. Risk of Death Associated With Tobacco Smoking by Birth Cohorts in Asian Male Populations.
| Study Population | Participants, No. | Birth Cohort <1920 | Birth Cohort 1920-1929 | Birth Cohort ≥1930 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths, No. | HR (95% CI)a | Deaths, No. | HR (95% CI)a | Deaths, No. | HR (95% CI)a | ||
| Death From All Causes | |||||||
| All populations | |||||||
| Never smoker | 169 444 | 5212 | 1 [Reference] | 6213 | 1 [Reference] | 9646 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ever smoker | 320 843 | 15 986 | 1.22 (1.14-1.30) | 19 786 | 1.37 (1.29-1.46) | 28 884 | 1.59 (1.50-1.68) |
| Current smoker | 249 241 | 11 587 | 1.26 (1.17-1.37) | 14 299 | 1.47 (1.35-1.61) | 23 468 | 1.70 (1.57-1.84) |
| By study populations: current smoker vs never smoker | |||||||
| China–urban area | 107 265 | 1223 | 1.09 (0.97-1.23) | 4168 | 1.48 (1.39-1.58) | 6195 | 1.52 (1.44-1.61) |
| Japan | 162 259 | 13 207 | 1.38 (1.32-1.45) | 10 907 | 1.63 (1.47-1.80) | 16 243 | 1.89 (1.81-1.97) |
| Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan | 43 981 | 210 | 1.14 (0.83-1.58) | 2139 | 1.31 (1.01-1.69) | 4863 | 1.74 (1.57-1.94) |
| India | 79 705 | 1059 | 1.09 (0.92-1.28) | 1981 | 1.18 (1.06-1.30) | 4242 | 1.45 (1.36-1.54) |
| Death From Lung Cancerb | |||||||
| All populations | |||||||
| Never smoker | 169 444 | 93 | 1 [Reference] | 197 | 1 [Reference] | 346 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ever smoker | 320 843 | 962 | 3.00 (2.24-4.02) | 2043 | 3.77 (2.94-4.84) | 3133 | 4.09 (3.26-5.15) |
| Current smoker | 249 241 | 765 | 3.38 (2.25-5.07) | 1705 | 4.74 (3.56-6.32) | 2797 | 4.80 (3.71-6.19) |
| By study populations: current smoker vs never smoker | |||||||
| China–urban area | 107 265 | 48 | 2.69 (1.46-4.96) | 485 | 4.74 (3.71-6.07) | 913 | 4.32 (2.62-7.13) |
| Japan | 162 259 | 780 | 4.26 (3.25-5.58) | 1074 | 5.22 (4.01-6.79) | 1499 | 6.08 (4.40-8.41) |
| Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan | 43 981 | 12 | NAc | 259 | 4.93 (1.57-15.52) | 601 | 4.42 (2.27-8.61) |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; NA, not available.
a
Adjusted for age, educational level, marital status, rural or urban residence, and body mass index and stratified by 5-year groups of birth year and enrollment year.
b
The number of deaths from lung cancer was less than 20 for any of the birth cohorts included in the analysis for Indians; thus, no HR was estimated.
c
Not estimated because of small sample size (<20 events).