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. 2019 Mar 29;10:646. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00646

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Copyright © 2019 Bhide, Dong, Gribonika, Voshart, Meijerhof, de Vries-Idema, Norley, Guilfoyle, Skeldon, Engelhardt, Boon, Christensen, Lycke and Huckriede.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IgA antibodies are not critical in cross-protection. IgA KO mice and BALB/c mice were vaccinated thrice i.n. with PBS (A,E), non-adjuvanted WIV (B,F), WIV+CAF-09 (C,G) or WIV+CTA1-3M2e-DD (D, H) followed by heterosubtypic challenge. The mice were followed for survival (A–D) and development of clinical symptoms (E–H) for a period of 14 days. IgA KO mice are represented by dashed lines with open symbols while BALB/c wt mice are represented by solid lines with filled symbols. Dotted lines indicate humane endpoint.