. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 5.

Published in final edited form as: IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2018 Oct 18;38(4):1026–1036. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2018.2876796

Table IV.

Needle Direction Error Quantified as the Deviation Angle Averaged Over Test Cases for Proposed CNN Method and the Second Observer^* (Units are in Degrees).

	$\bar{Δ θ}$	_σᐃθ	RMS(Δθ)	M(Δθ)
CNN	0.98	1.1	1.47	0.68
Second observer	0.97	1.04	1.43	0.75

$\bar{Δ θ}$ , _σᐃθ, RMS(ᐃθ), and M(ᐃθ) are the mean, standard deviation, root mean square, and median of the needle deviation angle, respectively.