Table V.

Impact of Training-Time and Test-Time Augmentation on Performance^*.

	$\overline{\Delta P}\pm {\sigma }_{\Delta P}$
	TRAINING-TIME AUGMENTATION
	Without	With
Without TEST-TIME AUG.	4.92 ± 13.22	3.07 ± 3.70†
With TEST-TIME AUG.	3.93 ± 8.83	2.80 ± 3.59

^*This table quantifies the system performance as measured by the mean and standard deviation of the needle tip localization error in millimeters.

^†This model failed to segment one needle out of 173 in the test set. All other models did not miss any needles.