Table 1.
Reviewed studies, sample characteristics, methods of adversity assessment, and methods of hair extraction for all studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | N | Sample Description | Age M (SD) | Sex (% male) | BMI M (SD) | Adversity Indicator | Adversity Classification | Hair Extraction & Length | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Boeckel et al. (2017) | 59 | Mothers and children exposed to interpersonal violence | 35.1 (7.4) | 0% | n/a | Revised Conflict Tactic Scale | Domestic Violence | ImA; 1cm |
| 2 | do Prado et al., 2017 | 57 | Adolescents | 15.3 (1.4) | 42% | 24.6 (2.8) | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 3cm |
| 3 | Etwel et al. (2014) | 39 | Women exposed to the Libyan war | 23.8 (6.2) | 0% | 23.1 (4.8) | Libyan War | War Exposure | ImA; 3cm |
| 4 | Fischer et al. (2016) | 139 | Community sample | 50.6 (14.6) | 28% | 27.5 (6.0) | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 3cm |
| 5 | Ford et al. (2016) | 578 | Adolescents | 14.6 (1.8) | 50% | n/a | Adverse Childhood Experiences | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 3cm |
| 6 | Gao et al. (2014) | 92 | Adult and adolescent earthquake survivors | 30.0 (7.1) | 80% | n/a | Earth Quake | Natural Disaster | LCMS; 3cm |
| 7 | Groer et al. (2015) | 52 | Soldiers | 25.0 | 98% | n/a (n/a) | PTSD Symptom Checklist | War Exposure | ImA; 3cm |
| 8 | Heinze et al. (2016) | 58 | Clinical sample and healthy controls | 20.5 (2.7) | 10% | 22.7 | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 3cm |
| 9 | Hinkelmann et al. (2013) | 84 | Depressed sample and healthy controls | 41.5 (11.0) | 37% | n/a | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 3cm |
| 10 | Hoffman et al. (2017) | 33 | Pregnant women | n/a | n/a | n/a | Adverse Childhood Experiences | Child Maltreatment | n/a |
| 11 | Kaess et al. (2017) | 36 | Clinical sample (youth with Internet Gaming Disorder) | 19.0 (3.4) | 100% | 22.65 (n/a) | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire | Child Maltreatment | ImA; n/a |
| 12 | Kalmakis et al. (2015) | 55 | Undergraduate sample | 19.5 (1.6) | 24% | Adverse Childhood Experiences | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 3cm | |
| 13 | Keenan-Devlin (2015) | 88 | Low-SES youth | 15.2 (2.0) | 50% | 24.0 (6.1) | Adverse Childhood Experiences | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 1cm |
| 14 | Luo et al. (2012) | 84 | Earth quake survivors (half with PTSD) and healthy controls | 14.0 (1.2) | 0% | n/a | Chinese version of the Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders |
Natural Disaster | LCMS; 3cm |
| 15 | Mayer (2017) | 74 | Medical interns | 27.41 (2.4) | 44% | 23.02 (3.5) | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 4cm |
| 16 | Melhem et al. (2017) | 115 | Psychiatric inpatients and healthy controls | 22.7 (3.0) | 55% | 23.8 (3.8) | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 3cm |
| 17 | Morris et al. (2017) | 34 | Women exposed to interpersonal violence or child trauma | 24.0 (3.1) | 0% | n/a | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 3cm |
| 18 | Pacella et al. (2017) | 35 | Adults with physical injury | n/a | n/a | n/a | PTSD Symptom Checklist | Physical Injury | ImA; 3cm |
| 19 | Reichl et al. (2016) | 52 | Adolescents engaging in NSSI and healthy controls | 16.3 (1.2) | 8% | n/a | Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse Interview | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 3cm |
| 20 | Schalinski et al. (2015) | 43 | Clinical outpatients and healthy controls | 34.9 (10.3) | 0% | 26.4 (5.7) | Event checklist Early Trauma Inventory | Lifetime Trauma | ImA; 3cm |
| 21 | Schreier et al. (2015) | 180 | Pregnant women | 31.0 (5.4) | 0% | 25.8 (5.4) | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire | Child Maltreatment | LCMS; 3cm |
| 22 | Schury et al. (2017) | 94 | Mothers of newborns | 32.5 (5.4) | 0% | 24.5 (4.8) | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire | Child Maltreatment | LCMS; 3cm |
| 23 | Steudte et al. (2011) | 27 | PTSD patients and healthy controls | 19.7 (4.5) | 52% | 21.9 (2.1) | Lifetime traumatic events | Lifetime Trauma | ImA; < 3cm |
| 24 | Steudte et al. (2013) | 78 | PTSD patients and healthy controls | 38.7 (12.5) | 8% | 23.7 (3.4) | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Trauma History Questionnaire Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview |
Child Maltreatment Lifetime Trauma |
LCMS; 3cm |
| 25 | Steudte-Schmiedgen et al. (2015) | 90 | Soldiers | 27.68 (6.1) | 100% | 25.45(2.7) | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Traumatic events | Child Maltreatment Lifetime Trauma |
LCMS; 2cm |
| 26 | Trautmann et al. (2018) | 618 | Soldiers | 28.8 (6.2) | 100% | 24.8 (2.7) | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 2cm |
| 27 | Wells et al. (2014) | 217 | Community sample | n/a | 28% | n/a | Intimate Partner Physical Aggression | Domestic Violence | ImA; 2cm |
| 28 | White et al. (2017) | 286 | Maltreated children compared to non-maltreated controls | 9.9 (3.1) | 50% | 50.1 (30.1) | Maternal Maltreatment Classification Interview | Child Maltreatment | ImA; 3cm |
Note: Descriptive information (age, sex, BMI) is provided for the entire sample. If studies provided separate demographic information for subsamples, data were averaged across subsamples. BMI=Body Mass Index; ImA=Immunoassay; LCMS=liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; NSSI=non-suicidal self-injury.