Table 5.
Categorical moderators of associations between adversity and hair cortisol.
| Categorical Moderator | k (n) | d [95% CI] | Significant differences between effect sizes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age Classification | 28 (71) | None | |
| Adult | 19 (46) | 0.253* [0.024, 0.487] | |
| Adolescent | 7 (23) | 0.188 [−0.197, 0.544] | |
| Child | 2 (2) | −0.120 [−0.745, 0.513] | |
| Clinical Sample | 28 (71) | ||
| Clinical | 9 (28) | −0.049 [−0.334, 0.246] | 1) Clinical vs Non-clinical |
| Non-clinical | 19 (43) | 0.317* [0.122, 0.521] | |
| PTSD Sample | 28 (71) | ||
| PTSD sample | 3 (9) | −0.117 [−0.550, 0.296] | None |
| Non-PTSD sample | 25 (62) | 0.243* [0.062, 0.427] | |
| Adversity Category | 28 (71) | ||
| Natural disaster | 2 (10) | 0.777* [0.226, 1.335] | 1) Natural disaster vs Lifetime |
| Accident | 1 (1) | 0.534 [−0.572, 1.647] | 2) Natural disaster vs Maltreatment |
| War/combat | 2 (3) | 0.382 [−0.273, 1.012] | |
| Domestic violence | 2 (2) | 0.405 [−0.176, 1.016] | |
| Child maltreatment | 19 (46) | 0.132 [−0.058, 0.335] | |
| Lifetime trauma | 4 (9) | −0.069 [−0.459, 0.323] | |
| Maltreatment vs other adversity | 28 (71) | ||
| Maltreatment | 17 (46) | 0.174 [−0.029, 0.389] | None |
| Other | 11 (25) | 0.283* [0.018, 0.554] | |
| Maltreatment Sub-Classification | |||
| Physical abuse | 10 (31) | 0.214 [−0.039, 0.450] | None |
| Emotional abuse | 0.085 [−0.164, 0.322] | ||
| Sexual abuse | 0.152 [−0.200, 0.506] | ||
| Emotional neglect | −0.004 [−0.279, 0.269] | ||
| Physical neglect | 0.094 [−0.163, 0.370] | ||
| Witness DV | 0.144 [−0.168, 0.522] | ||
| Adversity Timing | 28 (71) | ||
| Childhood/adolescence | 22 (55) | 0.169 [−0.028, 0.368] | 1) Adult vs Childhood/Adolescence |
| Adulthood | 6 (7) | 0.596* [0.216, 0.996] | 2) Adult vs Lifetime |
| Lifetime/unspecified time | 4 (9) | −0.042 [−0.440, 0.345] | |
| Adversity Measure | 26 (65) | ||
| PTSD Checklist | 2 (2) | 0.649 [−0.225, 1.538] | None |
| CTS-2 | 2 (3) | 0.334 [−0.394, 1.083] | |
| ACE | 4 (7) | 0.509 [−0.048, 1.105] | |
| CECA | 1 (4) | 0.193 [−0.865, 1.260] | |
| Lifetime trauma | 2 (2) | 0.147 [−0.523, 0.828] | |
| CTQ | 13 (33) | 0.093 [−0.202, 0.391] | |
| THC | 1 (1) | −0.107 [−0.883, 0.678] | |
| Event Checklist | 1 (2) | 0.511 [−0.576, 1.620] | |
| Maltreatment Inventory | 1 (1) | −0.343 [−1.402, 0.682] | |
| PTSD Diagnostic Interview | 2 (10) | −0.132 [−0.688, 0.393] | |
| Adversity Measure Type | 28 (71) | ||
| Questionnaire | 22 (48) | 0.224* [0.023, 0.435] | None |
| Interview | 5 (17) | 0.045 [−0.311, 0.396] | |
| Other | 2 (6) | 0.495 [−0.154, 1.116] | |
| Hair Timing | 26 (65) | ||
| 1 to 2 months | 9 (18) | 0.197 [−0.099, 0.479] | None |
| 3 months | 17 (39) | 0.126 [−0.105, 0.351] | |
| > 3 months | 4 (8) | 0.495* [0.092, 0.902] | |
| Hair Extraction Method | 27 (70) | ||
| ImA | 21 (60) | 0.273 [−0.086, 0.622] | None |
| LCMS | 6 (20) | 0.154 [−0.044, 0.361] | |
| Publication Type | 28 (71) | ||
| Published Abstract | 25 (66) | 1.760* [0.461, 3.028] | 1) Article vs abstract |
| Dissertation | 2 (4) | 0.364 [−0.299, 0.985] | |
| Published Article | 1 (1) | 0.169 [−0.015, 0.348] | |
| Geographic Region | 28 (71) | ||
| North America | 11 (17) | 0.264* [0.014, 0.678] | 1) Europe vs China |
| Europe | 11 (36) | −0.049 [−0.288, 0.182] | 2) Europe vs Brazil |
| Africa | 2 (3) | 0.337 [−0.267, 0.968] | |
| China | 2 (10) | 0.760* [0.264, 1.289] | |
| Brazil | 2 (5) | 0.592* [0.046, 1.136] |
Note. k = number of studies; n = number of effect sizes; CI = credible interval; d = standardized difference in mean; d [95% CI] = indicates if effect size is statistically different from zero; statistical difference between effects=indicates if different categories of each moderator have statistically different effect sizes; ACE=Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire; CTQ=Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CECA=Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse Interview; CTS-2 = Conflict Tactic Scale; PTSD=Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Maltreatment Interview=Maternal Maltreatment Classification Interview; THC=Trauma History Questionnaire; ImA=immunoassay; LCMS=liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.