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. 2019 Apr 5;9:5715. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41993-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic overview of the methodological approaches. It was investigated whether the D-peptide RD2 is a substrate or inhibitor for enzymes contained in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid, human blood plasma and human liver microsomes or for the D-amino acid oxidase. RD2’s mirror image l-RD2 served as comparative substance. Potential human-specific metabolites generated in liver microsomes were identified and characterized.