Fig. 1.
Decreased lipid-oxidation in autophagy-deficient livers. a Enzymes involved in lipid catabolism, and representative metabolites produced by the enzymes. b Levels of acylcarnitines in livers of 5-week-old Atg7f/f;Alb-Cre (n = 5) as well as of 12-week-old Atg5f/f;Mx1-Cre (n = 3) mice, relative to those in the corresponding age-matched control mice, Atg7f/f (n = 5) and Atg5f/f (n = 3). At the age of 10 weeks, Atg5f/f and Atg5f/f;Mx1-Cre mice were intraperitoneally injected with pIpC to delete Atg5 in the liver. c Relative levels of carnitines in livers of mice described in b. d–f Blood glucose (d), free-fatty acid (e), and β-OHB (f) in mice described in b. g Tracer study using [13C] palmitate. pIpC-injected Atg5f/f and Atg5f/f;Mx1-Cre mice were starved for 24 h and administered [13C] palmitate 1 h before sacrifice. Total (left graph) and 13C-labeled (right graph) β-OHB were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The experiments were performed three times. Data are means ± s.e.m. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 as determined by Welch’s t-test