Fig. 6. Soluble glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) increases cell death and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

a–c Relative caspase 3/7 activity (a) and relative mRNA expression of Chop (b) and Bax (c) in cytokine-exposed INS-1E cells (hIL-1β (50 U/ml), rat interferon-γ (500 U/ml)) in the presence of recombinant GRP78 (1 μM) with or without anti-GRP78 antibodies against the N-terminal region (N-term, 5 μg/ml) or C-terminal region (C-term, 10 μg/ml) for 16 h (n = 4). Data are presented as mean ± SEM and statistically analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance followed by Sidak posthoc test for multiple group comparisons. Significance is indicated by *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0001