Table 3.
Comparison of estimated marginal means of clinical parameters after adjusting for weight and caloric intake using analysis of covariance.
| Adjustment for changes in caloric intake | Adjustment for changes in body weight and caloric intake | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Probiotic (n = 30) | Placebo (n = 35) | *p | Probiotic (n = 30) | Placebo (n = 35) | *p | |
| Changes of whole liver fat (%) | 2.06 (0.7) | −0.51 (0.68) | 0.014 | 1.16 (0.71) | 0.25 (0.65) | 0.375 |
| Changes of right liver fat (%) | 2.09 (0.8) | −0.51 (0.72) | 0.018 | 1.13 (0.74) | 0.31 (0.68_ | 0.444 |
| Changes of left liver fat (%) | 2.05 (0.73) | −0.50 (0.67) | 0.013 | 1.20 (0.70) | 0.22 (0.64) | 0.335 |
| Changes of visceral fat area (cm2) | 224.3 (406.7) | −40.0 (376.1) | 0.637 | −56.8 (419.6) | 200.9 (385.1) | 0.669 |
| Changes of total fat area (cm2) | 667.9 (637.7) | −906.2 (589.8) | 0.077 | 228.9 (658.1) | −529.9 (604.1) | 0.424 |
| Changes of triglyceride (mg/dl) | 39.1 (16.2) | −6.24 (15.0) | 0.046 | 31.4 (17.0) | 0.30 (15.6) | 0.208 |
| Changes of cholesterol (mg/dl) | 21.09 (5.7) | 12.6 (5.3) | 0.290 | 19.9 (6.10) | 13.7 (5.6) | 0.482 |
| Changes of ALT (U/L) | 2.33 (4.58) | −2.77 (4.2) | 0.420 | −1.36 (4.6) | 0.39 (4.28) | 0.793 |
| Changes of AST (U/L) | 1.44 (3.3) | −1.12 (3.1) | 0.736 | −1.76 (3.35) | 2.62 (3.08) | 0.365 |
| Changes of glucose (mg/dl) | 12.0 (8.37) | 1.09 (8.1) | 0.368 | 8.30 (9.26) | 4.28 (8.50) | 0.763 |
| Changes of insulin (μU/ml) | 3.06 (2.5) | 0.69 (2.3) | 0.479 | 2.79 (2.72) | 0.84 (2.45) | 0.681 |
| Changes of HOMA-IR | 24.7 (17.7) | −2.40 (16.1) | 0.267 | 21.7 (19.1) | −0.02 (17.1) | 0.427 |
| Changes of total muscle mass (kg) | −0.24 (0.3) | −0.33 (0.2) | 0.832 | −1.76 (3.35) | 2.62 (3.08) | 0.365 |
| Changes of skeletal muscle (kg) | −0.19 (0.1) | −0.15 (0.1) | 0.895 | −0.30 (0.20) | −0.06 (0.19) | 0.424 |
Median (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed variables. Covariates appearing in the model are evaluated for a change in value of body weight = −0.165 kg, and a change in value of caloric intake = −283.3 kcal. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment – insulin resistance, *p < 0.05 by t-test and chi-square test.