Fig. 4.

PNPs enhanced TPZ chemotherapy. a Fluorescence images of CT26 cells cultured with TPZ and oil nanoparticles (ONPs) or PNPs under laser irradiation (808 nm, 400 mW cm⁻²). Viable cells were stained with Calcein-AM (green), and dead/late apoptotic cells were stained with propidium iodide (PI) (red), (scale bar, 100μm). b Viability of treated cells (n = 3). c Tumour growth curves of treated mice (n ≥ 6 per group). Both PNPs and TPZ were injected intravenously into mice on days 1, 3 and 5. Tumours in groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 were irradiated three times (808 nm, 400 mW cm⁻²) for 5 min at 24 h after the administration of the PNPs. d Normalized averages of the tumour weight on day 12. e Changes in body weight. f Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (scale bars, 100 µm) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) (green) (scale bars, 100 µm) staining of CT26 tumour sections. Samples were collected from different groups on day 8 post administration. Data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (unpaired, two-way t tests). Source data are provided as a Source Data file