Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Variables | Total, n = 99 |
|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 66 (66.7) |
| Median age, years (interquartile range) | 67 (60–74) |
| Median BMI, kg/m2 (interquartile range) | 21.6 (18.8–23.7) |
| Median HD vintage, years (interquartile range) | 11 (6–19) |
| Median systolic blood pressure, mmHg (interquartile range) | 137 (120–158) |
| Median diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (interquartile range) | 72 (66–83) |
| Primary cause of end-stage renal disease, n (%) | |
| DMN | 24 (24.2) |
| GN | 46 (46.5) |
| HN | 8 (8.1) |
| PKD | 6 (6.1) |
| Others | 15 (15.2) |
| Smoking (past, current) | 58 (58.6) |
| Alcohol | 19 (19.2) |
| Denture | 50 (50.5) |
| More education than high school | 67 (67.7) |
| More than 30 min of exercise, days per week | 4 (0–7) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |
| Diabetes | 32 (32.3) |
| Stroke | 7 (7.1) |
| Myocardial infarction | 15 (15.2) |
| Amputation | 2 (2.0) |
| Femoral neck fracture | 5 (5.2) |
| Laboratory data | |
| Median BUN, mg/dL (interquartile range) | 54.7 (47.7–64.8) |
| Median creatinine, mg/dL (interquartile range) | 11.1 (9.3–12.8) |
| Median hemoglobin, g/dL (interquartile range) | 11.2 (10.6–11.8) |
| Median sodium, mEq/L (interquartile range) | 139 (137–141) |
| Median phosphorus, mg/dL (interquartile range) | 4.8 (4.2–5.3) |
| Median phosphorus, mg/dL (interquartile range) | 4.8 (4.1–5.8) |
| Median zinc, μg/dL (interquartile range) | 52 (46–59) |
| Median calcium, mg/dL (interquartile range) | 8.6 (7.8–9.1) |
| Median albumin, g/dL (interquartile range) | 3.4 (3.2–3.7) |
| Median β2 microglobulin, mg/L (interquartile range) | 28.4 (25.6–31.5) |
| Medication, n (%) | |
| RAS inhibitor | 24 (24.2) |
| Diuretics | 13 (13.1) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 47 (47.5) |
| Β-blocker | 22 (22.2) |
| Statin | 19 (19.2) |
| Vitamin D | 36 (36.4) |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 46 (46.5) |
| H2 blocker | 9 (9.1) |
| Sleep inducer | 13 (13.1) |
| Chinese herbal medicine | 48 (48.5) |
| NSAIDs | 4 (4.0) |
Data are presented as number (percentage) or median (interquartile range). BMI body mass index, HD hemodialysis, DMN diabetic nephropathy, GN glomerulonephritis, HN hypertensive nephrosclerosis, PKD polycystic kidney disease, RAS renin-angiotensin system, BUN blood urea nitrogen, NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs